Vitamin D and Hormonal Associations in Female Infertility: AMH and FSH Correlation
Abstract
Introduction: Infertility poses significant challenges to couples, impacting emotional well-being. Vitamin D's role in reproductive health, particularly its potential influence on Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) production, remains a subject of debate. Previous studies present conflicting findings regarding the relationship between vitamin D and AMH levels. Objectives: This study aimed to elucidate the correlation between serum vitamin D, AMH, and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) levels in women facing infertility. The research sought to assess variations in vitamin D, AMH, and FSH concentrations, exploring their potential roles in infertility. Materials and Methods: The study involved 120 infertile women aged 22-43 years. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for vitamin D, AMH, and FSH levels. Statistical analyses, including one-way ANOVA and chi-square tests, were employed to examine associations. Results: Among participants, 60% exhibited vitamin D deficiency, and no significant correlation was found between vitamin D levels and AMH across different age groups. The study observed variations in AMH and FSH levels, emphasizing the complex interplay in infertility. Conclusion: This investigation underscores the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in infertile women and challenges the purported direct link between vitamin D and AMH. Results indicate a nuanced relationship, necessitating further research to unravel the intricate dynamics of vitamin D's impact on reproductive markers in infertility
Keywords:
Anti-Mullerian Hormone, Deficiency, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Infertility, Reproductive Health, Vitamin D
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References
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Aramesh, S., Alifarja, T., Jannesar, R., Ghaffari, P., Vanda,R., Bazarganipour, F. (2021). Does vitamin D supplementation improve ovarian reserve in women with diminished ovarian reserve and vitamin D deficiency: a before-and-after intervention study. BMC Endocr Disord 21, 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00786-7
Aranow, C. (2011). Vitamin D and the immune system. J. Investig. Med, 59, 881-886. https://doi.org/10.231%2FJIM.0b013e31821b8755
Bacanakgil, BH., İlhan, G., Ohanoğlu, K. (2022). Effects of vitamin D supplementation on ovarian reserve markers in infertile women with diminished ovarian reserve. Medicine (Baltimore). 11, e28796. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000028796.
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Buyuk, E., Seifer, D. B., Younger, J. (2011). Random Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a predictor of ovarian response in women with elevated baseline early follicular follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Fertil. Steril, 95, 2369-2372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.03.071
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Grzechocinska, B., Dabrowski, F. A., Cyganek, A., & Wielgos, M. (2013). The role of vitamin D in impaired fertility treatment. Neuroendocrinology letters, 34, 756-762.
Haimi, M., & Kremer, R. (2017). Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency from childhood to adulthood: Insights from a sunny country. World J. Clin. Pediatr, 6, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5409%2Fwjcp.v6.i1.1
Han, J.Y., Kim S.W., Kim H, Ku S.Y. (2022). The level of vitamin D in follicular fluid and ovarian reserve in an in vitro fertilization program: A pilot study. Sci Prog. 105, 368504221103782. https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504221103782.
Hegazy, M., El-Mahdy, H. A., Elsayed, T. S., Elkhawaga, S. Y., Elkady, M. A., Yehia, A. M., Mokhtar, M. M. (2023). Clinical significance of vit D and AMH and its correlation with polycystic ovarian parameters in obese and non-obese Egyptian women. Pathology-Research and Practice, 251, 154872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2023.154872
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Holt, R., Jorsal, M. J., Yahyavi, S. K., Qin, S., Juul, A., Jørgensen, N., & Jensen, M. B. (2024). High-dose cholecalciferol supplementation to obese infertile men is sufficient to reach adequate vitamin D status. British Journal of Nutrition, 131(4), 642-647. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114523002222
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Holt, R., Yahyavi, S. K., Kooij, I., Poulsen, N. N., Juul, A., Jørgensen, N., &Blomberg Jensen, M. (2023). Effects of vitamin D on sex steroids, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone to luteinizing hormone ratio in 307 infertile men. Andrology. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.13505
Irani, M., Minkoff, H., Seifer, D. B, & Merhi, Z. (2014). Vitamin D increases serum levels of the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products in women with PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 99, 886-90. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-4374
Jeon, Gyun-Ho. (2024). The Associations of Vitamin D with Ovarian Reserve Markers and Depression: A Narrative Literature Review. Nutrients 16, 1: 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010096
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Lata, I., Tiwari, S., Gupta, A., Yadav, S., & Yadav, S. (2017). To Study the Vitamin D Levels in Infertile Females and Correlation of Vitamin D Deficiency with AMH Levels in Comparison to Fertile Females. J. Hum. Reproductive Sciences, 10, 86-90. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjhrs.JHRS_105_16
Lips, P., Bouillon, R., van Schoor, N. M., Vanderschueren, D., Verschueren, S., & Kuchuk, N. (2010). Reducing fracture risk with calcium and vitamin D. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 73(3), 277-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03701.x
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Malloy, P. J., Peng, L., Wang, J., & Feldman, D. (2009). Interaction of the vitamin D receptor with a vitamin D response element in the Mullerianinhibiting substance (MIS) promoter: regulation of MIS expression by vitamin D in prostate cancer cells. Endocrinology, 150, 1580-7. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1555
Mehlawat, U., Singh, P., & Pande, S. (2014). Review article current status of vitamin-D deficiency in India. Innov Pharm Pharmacother, 2, 328-35.
Merhi, Z. O., Seifer, D. B., Weedon, J., Adeyemi, O., Holman, S., & Anastos, K. (2012). Circulating vitamin D correlates with serum antimüllerian hormone levels in late-reproductive-aged women: Women’s Interagency HIV study. Fertil Steril, 98, 228-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.03.029
Mohanasundaram, S., Ramirez-Asis, E., Quispe-Talla, A., Bhatt, M. W., & Shabaz, M. (2022) Experimental replacement of hops by mango in beer: production and comparison of total phenolics, flavonoids, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins and toxic substances. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag,13(S1), 132-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-021-01308-3
Moridi, I., Chen, A., Tal, O., Tal, R., (2020). The Association between Vitamin D and Anti-Müllerian Hormone: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12, 1567. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061567
Neville, G., Martyn, F., Kilbane, M., O’Riordan, M., Wingfield, M., McKenna, M., & McAuliffe, F. M. (2016). Vitamin D status and fertility outcomes during winter among couples undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Int J. Gynaecol. Obs, 135, 172–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2016.04.018
Peluso, C., Fonseca, F. L., Rodart, I. F., Cavalcanti, V., Gastaldo, G., & Christofolini, D. M. (2014). AMH: an ovarian reserve biomarker in assisted reproduction. Clin Chim Acta, 437, 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2014.07.029
Rogenhofer, N., Jeschke, U., von Schönfeldt, V. et al. (2022). Seasonal dynamic of cholecalciferol (D3) and anti-Muellerian hormone (AMH) with impact on ovarian response and IVF/ICSI. Arch Gynecol Obstet 306, 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-022-06419-1
Shapiro, A.J., Darmon, S. K., Barad, D. H., Gleicher, N., & Kushnir, V. A. (2018). Vitamin D levels are not associated with ovarian reserve in a group of infertile women with a high prevalance of diminished ovarian reserve. Fertil. Steril, 110, 761-766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.005
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Anagnostis, P., Karras, S., & Goulis, D.G. (2013). Vitamin D in human reproduction: A narrative review. Int. J. Clin. Pract, 67, 225-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12031
Aramesh, S., Alifarja, T., Jannesar, R., Ghaffari, P., Vanda,R., Bazarganipour, F. (2021). Does vitamin D supplementation improve ovarian reserve in women with diminished ovarian reserve and vitamin D deficiency: a before-and-after intervention study. BMC Endocr Disord 21, 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00786-7
Aranow, C. (2011). Vitamin D and the immune system. J. Investig. Med, 59, 881-886. https://doi.org/10.231%2FJIM.0b013e31821b8755
Bacanakgil, BH., İlhan, G., Ohanoğlu, K. (2022). Effects of vitamin D supplementation on ovarian reserve markers in infertile women with diminished ovarian reserve. Medicine (Baltimore). 11, e28796. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000028796.
Bednarska-Czerwinska, A., Olszak-Wasik, K., Olejek, A., Czerwinski, M., & Tukiendorf, A. A. (2019). Vitamin D and Anti-Mullerian Hormone Levels in Infertility Treatment: The Change-Point Problem. Nutrients, 11, 1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051053
Buyuk, E., Seifer, D. B., Younger, J. (2011). Random Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a predictor of ovarian response in women with elevated baseline early follicular follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Fertil. Steril, 95, 2369-2372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.03.071
Cheng, Y.C., Huang, Y.C., Huang, W.L. (2020). The effect of vitamin D supplement on negative emotions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress. Anxiety, 37, 549–564. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23025
Dennis, N. A., Houghton, L. A., Jones, G. T., van Rij, A. M., Morgan, K., & McLennan, I. S. (2012). The level of serum anti-Müllerian hormone correlates with vitamin D status in men and women but not in boys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, 97, 2450-2455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.03.071
Dey, S., Ishrat, S., Fatima, P., Islam, F., Ara, R., & Nandi, E. (2024). Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Serum Anti-mullerian Hormone in Infertile Women: A Cross Sectional Comparative Study. Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians & Surgeons, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v42i1.70637
Dixon, K. M., & Mason, R. S. (2009). Vitamin D. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 41, 982-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2008.06.016
Drakopoulos, P., Van de Vijver, A., Schutyser, V., Milatovic, S., Anckaert, E., Schiettecatte, J., Blockeel, C., Camus, M., Tournaye, H., & Polyzos, N. P. (2017). The effect of serum vitamin D levels on ovarian reserve markers: A prospective cross-sectional study. Hum. Reprod, 32, 208-214. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew304
Dressler, N., Chandra, A., Aguirre Dávila, L., Spineli, L. M., Schippert, C., & Von Versen-Hoynck, F. (2016), BMI and season are associated with vitamin D deficiency in women with impaired fertility: a two-centre analysis. Arch GynecolObstet, 293, 907-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-015-3950-4
Fabris, A. M., Cruz, M., Iglesias, C., Pacheco, A., Patel, A., Patel, J., Fatemi, H., García-Velasco, J. A. (2017). Impact of vitamin D levels on ovarian reserve and ovarian response to ovarian stimulation in oocyte donors. Reprod Biomed, 35, 139-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.05.009
Grzechocinska, B., Dabrowski, F. A., Cyganek, A., & Wielgos, M. (2013). The role of vitamin D in impaired fertility treatment. Neuroendocrinology letters, 34, 756-762.
Haimi, M., & Kremer, R. (2017). Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency from childhood to adulthood: Insights from a sunny country. World J. Clin. Pediatr, 6, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5409%2Fwjcp.v6.i1.1
Han, J.Y., Kim S.W., Kim H, Ku S.Y. (2022). The level of vitamin D in follicular fluid and ovarian reserve in an in vitro fertilization program: A pilot study. Sci Prog. 105, 368504221103782. https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504221103782.
Hegazy, M., El-Mahdy, H. A., Elsayed, T. S., Elkhawaga, S. Y., Elkady, M. A., Yehia, A. M., Mokhtar, M. M. (2023). Clinical significance of vit D and AMH and its correlation with polycystic ovarian parameters in obese and non-obese Egyptian women. Pathology-Research and Practice, 251, 154872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2023.154872
Holick, M. F. (2007). Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med, 357(3), 266-81. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra070553
Holt, R., Jorsal, M. J., Yahyavi, S. K., Qin, S., Juul, A., Jørgensen, N., & Jensen, M. B. (2024). High-dose cholecalciferol supplementation to obese infertile men is sufficient to reach adequate vitamin D status. British Journal of Nutrition, 131(4), 642-647. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114523002222
Holt, R., Yahyavi, S. K., Kooij, I., Andreassen, C. H., Andersson, A. M., Juul, A., ... &Blomberg Jensen, M. (2023). Low serum anti-Müllerian hormone is associated with semen quality in infertile men and not influenced by vitamin D supplementation. BMC medicine, 21(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-02782-1
Holt, R., Yahyavi, S. K., Kooij, I., Poulsen, N. N., Juul, A., Jørgensen, N., &Blomberg Jensen, M. (2023). Effects of vitamin D on sex steroids, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone to luteinizing hormone ratio in 307 infertile men. Andrology. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.13505
Irani, M., Minkoff, H., Seifer, D. B, & Merhi, Z. (2014). Vitamin D increases serum levels of the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products in women with PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 99, 886-90. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-4374
Jeon, Gyun-Ho. (2024). The Associations of Vitamin D with Ovarian Reserve Markers and Depression: A Narrative Literature Review. Nutrients 16, 1: 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010096
Karimi, E., Arab, A., Rafiee, M., Ameni, R. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between vitamin D and ovarian reserve. Sci Rep 11, 16005. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95481-x
Khudhair, N. Y., Saleh, N. K., &Nazzal, M. F. (2024).Measuring the Levels of AMH, FSH, LH, TSH, Progesterone, Estrogen, Vitamin D, Calcium, and Magnesium in Women with Premature Ovarian Insufficiency. Journal of Pioneering Medical Sciences, 13, 34-41. https://doi.org/10.61091/jpms202413106
Krishnan, A. V., Moreno, J., Nonn, L., Malloy, P. J., Swami, S., & Peng, L. (2007). Novel pathways that contribute to the anti-proliferative and chemopreventative activities of vitamin D in prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 103, 694-702.
La Marca, A., Giulini, S., Orvieto, R., De Leo, V., & Volpe, A. (2005). AntiMullerian hormone concentrations in maternal serum during pregnancy. Hum Reprod, 20(6), 1569-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh819
Lata, I., Tiwari, S., Gupta, A., Yadav, S., & Yadav, S. (2017). To Study the Vitamin D Levels in Infertile Females and Correlation of Vitamin D Deficiency with AMH Levels in Comparison to Fertile Females. J. Hum. Reproductive Sciences, 10, 86-90. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjhrs.JHRS_105_16
Lips, P., Bouillon, R., van Schoor, N. M., Vanderschueren, D., Verschueren, S., & Kuchuk, N. (2010). Reducing fracture risk with calcium and vitamin D. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 73(3), 277-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03701.x
Liu, X., Zhang, W., Xu, Y., Chu, Y., Wang, X., Li, Q., Ma, Z., Liu, Z., & Wan, Y. (2019). Effect of vitamin D status on normal fertilization rate following in vitro fertilization. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol, 17, 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-019-0500-0
Malloy, P. J., Peng, L., Wang, J., & Feldman, D. (2009). Interaction of the vitamin D receptor with a vitamin D response element in the Mullerianinhibiting substance (MIS) promoter: regulation of MIS expression by vitamin D in prostate cancer cells. Endocrinology, 150, 1580-7. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1555
Mehlawat, U., Singh, P., & Pande, S. (2014). Review article current status of vitamin-D deficiency in India. Innov Pharm Pharmacother, 2, 328-35.
Merhi, Z. O., Seifer, D. B., Weedon, J., Adeyemi, O., Holman, S., & Anastos, K. (2012). Circulating vitamin D correlates with serum antimüllerian hormone levels in late-reproductive-aged women: Women’s Interagency HIV study. Fertil Steril, 98, 228-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.03.029
Mohanasundaram, S., Ramirez-Asis, E., Quispe-Talla, A., Bhatt, M. W., & Shabaz, M. (2022) Experimental replacement of hops by mango in beer: production and comparison of total phenolics, flavonoids, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins and toxic substances. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag,13(S1), 132-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-021-01308-3
Moridi, I., Chen, A., Tal, O., Tal, R., (2020). The Association between Vitamin D and Anti-Müllerian Hormone: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12, 1567. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061567
Neville, G., Martyn, F., Kilbane, M., O’Riordan, M., Wingfield, M., McKenna, M., & McAuliffe, F. M. (2016). Vitamin D status and fertility outcomes during winter among couples undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Int J. Gynaecol. Obs, 135, 172–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2016.04.018
Peluso, C., Fonseca, F. L., Rodart, I. F., Cavalcanti, V., Gastaldo, G., & Christofolini, D. M. (2014). AMH: an ovarian reserve biomarker in assisted reproduction. Clin Chim Acta, 437, 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2014.07.029
Rogenhofer, N., Jeschke, U., von Schönfeldt, V. et al. (2022). Seasonal dynamic of cholecalciferol (D3) and anti-Muellerian hormone (AMH) with impact on ovarian response and IVF/ICSI. Arch Gynecol Obstet 306, 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-022-06419-1
Shapiro, A.J., Darmon, S. K., Barad, D. H., Gleicher, N., & Kushnir, V. A. (2018). Vitamin D levels are not associated with ovarian reserve in a group of infertile women with a high prevalance of diminished ovarian reserve. Fertil. Steril, 110, 761-766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.005
Shelby, Hale. (2023). FSH levels in women: What’s normal? (+ FSH levels chart). Available from: https://www.miracare.com/blog/fsh-levels/
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How to Cite
Anjum, A., Babu, S., S, J. and S, M. (2024) “Vitamin D and Hormonal Associations in Female Infertility: AMH and FSH Correlation”, International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 7(2), pp. 104-111. doi: https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2024.v07i02.008.
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Research Articles
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