Antioxidant Activity Test and Antibacterial Gel Formulation of Ethanol Extract of Black Ginger (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.) Rhizome
Abstract
Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb, commonly known as black ginger or wild turmeric, contains several natural compounds that have demonstrated remarkable pharmacological properties. Consequently, considering the information presented above, the purpose of the current study was to analyze the antioxidant potential, create a topical ointment of C. aeruginosa ethanol extract (CAEE), and evaluate the antibacterial activities of the ointment. Research methods included the extraction of C. aeruginosa through maceration with 96% ethanol as the solvent, phytochemical screening, antioxidant measurement using the DPPH assay, formulation (0-15%), and evaluation of the ointment, and testing of the ointment's antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method. According to the findings of the phytochemical screening, CAEE was found to contain a number of phytochemical substances, including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids. The researchers measured CAEE's antioxidant activity, finding it to possess an IC50 value of 6.03 µg/ml. The outcomes of the organoleptic test, the homogeneity test, and pH test were consistent with the parameters for ointment formulations. Furthermore, the antibacterial properties of 15% CAEE ointment (F4) were found to be the most effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. The research revealed that CAEE and its ointment formulation have the potential to be utilized as possible antioxidant and antibacterial agents, as well as resources for the development of novel medications.
Keywords:
Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Curcuma aeruginosa, Ethanol extract
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References
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Amalraj, A., Pius, A., Gopi, S., & Gopi, S. (2017). Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives–A review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 7(2), 205-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.05.005
Anggraeni, R., Aljaberi, M. A. A., Nambiar, N., Sansuwito, T. B., Heriana, C., & Poddar, R. (2023). Pharmaceutical effect of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) on Arthritis and gout pain in older people at Parungkuda Public Health Center's Geriatric Polyclinic in Sukabumi Regency, Indonesia. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 16(5), 2115-2119. http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00347
Chaudhary, P., Janmeda, P., Docea, A. O., Yeskaliyeva, B., Abdull Razis, A. F., Modu, B., ... & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2023). Oxidative stress, free radicals and antioxidants: Potential crosstalk in the pathophysiology of human diseases. Frontiers in Chemistry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2023.1158198
Chen, T. V., Boonma, T., & Thi Thu Hien, N. (2025). An Overview of the Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Selected Zingiber Species (Zingiberaceae). Natural Product Communications, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X251329422
Chokotho, L. & van Hasselt, E. (2005). The use of tannins in the local treatment of burn wounds-a pilot study. Malawi Medical Journal, 17(1), 19-20. https://doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v17i1.10866
Čižmárová, B., Hubková, B., Tomečková, V., & Birková, A. (2023). Flavonoids as promising natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of selected skin diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076324
Dai, C., Lin, J., Li, H., Shen, Z., Wang, Y., Velkov, T., & Shen, J. (2022). The natural product curcumin as an antibacterial agent: Current achievements and problems. Antioxidants, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030459
Elhawary, E. A., Moussa, A. Y., & Singab, A. N. B. (2024). Genus Curcuma: chemical and ethnopharmacological role in aging process. BMC complementary Medicine and Therapies, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-04317-w
Gangal, A., Sethiya, N. K., Duseja, M., Shukla, R. K., Bisht, D., Rana, V. S., Lalhlenmawia, H., Azizov, S., & Kumar, D. (2025). Green nanotechnology: nanoparticle synthesis using Curcuma amada, Curcuma caesia, Curcuma longa, and Curcuma zedoaria. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews,18(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2024.2449122
Hasnat, H., Shompa, S. A., Islam, M. M., Alam, S., Richi, F. T., Emon, N. U., ... & Ahmed, F. (2024). Flavonoids: A treasure house of prospective pharmacological potentials. Heliyon, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27533
Jiang, W., Tang, M., Yang, L., Zhao, X., Gao, J., Jiao, Y., ... & Jiang, J. D. (2022). Analgesic alkaloids derived from traditional Chinese medicine in pain management. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.851508
Li, H. X., Zhang, H. L., Zhang, N., Wang, N., Yang, Y., & Zhang, Z. Z. (2014). Isolation of three curcuminoids for stability and simultaneous determination of only using one single standard substance in turmeric colour principles by HPLC with ternary gradient system. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 57(1), 446-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.11.020
Prestinaci, F., Pezzotti, P., & Pantosti, A. (2015). Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathogens and Global Health, 109(7), 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030
Salam, M. A., Al-Amin, M. Y., Salam, M. T., Pawar, J. S., Akhter, N., Rabaan, A. A., & Alqumber, M. A. A. (2023). Antimicrobial Resistance: a growing serious threat for Global Public Health. Healthcare, 11(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11131946
Semwal, P., Painuli, S., Abu-Izneid, T., Rauf, A., Sharma, A., Daştan, S. D., ... & Cho, W. C. (2022). Diosgenin: an updated pharmacological review and therapeutic perspectives. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2022(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1035441
Shome, S., Talukdar, A. D., & Upadhyaya, H. (2022). Antibacterial activity of curcumin and its essential nanoformulations against some clinically important bacterial pathogens: A comprehensive review. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 69(6), 2357-2386. https://doi.org/10.1002/bab.2289
Sinaga, S. P., Lumbangaol, D. A., Iksen, R. F. R., & Gurning, K. (2022). Determination of phenolic, flavonoid content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of seri (Muntingia calabura L.) leaves ethanol extract from North Sumatera, Indonesia. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 15(02), 1534-1538. http://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2022.1526730
Suphrom, N., Pumthong, G., Khorana, N., Waranuch, N., Limpeanchob, N., & Ingkaninan, K. (2012). Anti-androgenic effect of sesquiterpenes isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Fitoterapia, 83(5), 864-871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2012.03.017
Togatorop, B., Sinaga, K. R., Suwarso, E., & Iksen, I. (2018). Effect of different polymer and oleic acid enchancer in Nifedipine matrix transdermal patch formulation and evaluation. Rasayan J Chem, 11, 516-21. http://doi.org/10.7324/RJC.2018.1122070
Wu, H., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Gao, B., Li, Y., He, X., ... & Yu, L. (2024). Chemical composition of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) ethanol extract and its antimicrobial activities and free radical scavenging capacities. Foods, 13(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13101550
Yadav, R. K., Bhandari, R., Babu P C, H., Jha, P. K., Pandey, B., Kc, S., Upadhaya, S. R., Panta, S., Shyaula, S. L., & Joshi, K. R. (2025). LC-MS analysis and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activity of Jumli Marshi rice from Nepal: An in vitro and in silico investigation to validate their potential as a functional food. PloS One, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319338
Zehiroglu, C., & Ozturk Sarikaya, S. B. (2019). The importance of antioxidants and place in today’s scientific and technological studies. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56, 4757-4774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03952-x
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Fahdi, F., Sari, R., Harahap, N. and Harnis, Z. (2025) “Antioxidant Activity Test and Antibacterial Gel Formulation of Ethanol Extract of Black Ginger (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.) Rhizome”, International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 8(2), pp. 169-176. doi: https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2025.v08i02.013.
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