A Comparative Chemical Profiling Between Boerhavia diffusa and its Adulterant Trianthema portulacastrum Herbal Plants
Abstract
Boerhavia diffusa has many uses in the Siddha system of medicine and is misidentified sometimes as Trianthema portulacastrum L., due to its close resemblance. This specific study compares, evaluates and identifies the chemical constituents profiling of the two whole plant drugs based on inorganic materials determination, various phytochemical aspects and advanced chromatographical studies. The studied plants i.e., Boerhavia diffusa and Trianthema portulacastrum showed the peculiar characteristics and having significant differences in these chemical profiling. Boerhavia diffusa had higher levels of the primary and secondary metabolites than Trianthema portulacastrum. Boerhavia diffusa differs from Trianthema portulacastrum in distinct ways. The pH is differed in both plants viz. 6.45 in B. diffusa and 5.2 in T. portulacastrum. The total ash, water soluble ash and acid insoluble ash is different in both the plants. B. diffusa and T. portulacastrum have alkaloids 628.00 and 1417.00 (mg/100g), Terpenoids 146.67 and 174.46 (mg/100g), flavonoids 223.00 and 846.00 (mg/100g), tannins 30.50 and 32.67 (mg/100g), phenols 28.40 and 74.80 (GAE/g), carotenoids 248.00 and 968.00 (mg/100g), oxalate 151.00 and 143.83 (mg/100g) respectively. diffusa. HPTLC fingerprint profile of the B. diffusa showed 8 peaks among them the peak at Rf 0.12 is the major peak, however T. portulacastrum showed 6 peaks among them the peak at Rf 0.27 is the major peak.
Keywords:
Adulterant, Antioxidants, Boerhavia diffusa, Herbal Medicines, Trianthema portulacastrum
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References
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Kaur, R., Choudhary, T., Kaur, R., Garg, M., Chauhan, N. S., Jain, A., & Baldi, A. (2025). Adulteration in Herbal Medicines: A Comprehensive Review on Types, Detection, and Health Impacts. Pharmacognosy Research, 17(4), 1116-1126. https://doi.org/10.5530/pres.20250085
Kumar, J., Choudhary, K., Singh, H., Kumar, A., & Bagga, P. (2025). Molecular approaches for authentication and identification of medicinal plants. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 43(3), 1006-1026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-025-01557-7
Li, X., Lu, M., Tang, D., & Shi, Y. (2015). Composition of carotenoids and flavonoids in narcissus cultivars and their relationship with flower color. PLoS One, 10(11), e0142074.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142074
Liu, Y., Zhang, C., Li, B., Li, H., & Zhan, H. (2015). Extraction and determination of total and soluble oxalate in pulping and papermaking raw materials. BioResources, 10(3), 4580-4587. https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/BioRes_10_3_4580_Liu_ZLLZ_Extract_Determ_Total_Soluble_Oxalate_Pulp_Papermaking_7028.pdf
Mujeeb, F., Bajpai, P., & Pathak, N. (2014). Phytochemical evaluation, antimicrobial activity, and determination of bioactive components from leaves of Aegle marmelos. BioMed research international, 2014(1), 497606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/497606
Mutha, R. E., Kalaskar, M., & Khan, Z. G. (2025). Modern Analytical Techniques for Quality Control and Chemical Identification of Phytochemicals. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry: Principles, Techniques, and Clinical Applications, 167-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394203680.ch09
Pandey, A. K., & Shukla, P. K. (2008). Role of medicinal plants in health care and rural economy in the Tribals of Satpura plateau region of Central India. Indian Forester, 134(11), 1438-1446.
Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants (2005). Medicinal Plants Unit ICMR, New Delhi, 2, 261-270.
Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants (2011). Medicinal Plants Unit ICMR, New Delhi, 9, 59-70.
Singh, A., Sharma, H., Singh, R., & Srikanth, N. (2019). High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Estimation of Boeravinone B in Boerhavia diffusa L. and its Polyherbal Dosage Form (Capsule). Pharmacognosy Research, 11(3), 267-72. www.phcogres.com/sites/default/files/PharmacognRes-11-3-267.pdf
Upadhyay, B., Roy, S., & Kumar, A. (2007). Traditional uses of medicinal plants among the rural communities of Churu district in the Thar Desert, India. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 113(3), 387-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.010
Ali, S., Kashyap, A. S., & Singh, A. (2022). Storage Specificity for Boerhavia diffusa Linn as a Crude Drug. Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy, 10(2), 84-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/app.2022.100202
Ali, S., Singh, A., & Kashyap, A. S. (2022). Study on boerhavia diffusa linn. as an important medicinal plant resource and its market economy: a review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 13(8), 474-478. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S08.61
Ali, S., Surolia, R., Singh, A., & Kashyap, A. S. (2022). Pharmacognostical Evaluation and Phytochemical Screening of Boerhavia Diffusa Linn. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 13, 454-461. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S09.52
Balkrishna, A., Sharma, I. P., Kushwaha, A. K., Joshi, B., Mishra, R. K., Kumar, A., ... & Srivastava, A. (2025). Traditional medicinal plants for gastrointestinal and hepato-renal disorders in the Ganga river watershed. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-025-02540-7
Butnariu, M. (2016). Methods of analysis (extraction, separation, identification and quantification) of carotenoids from natural products. J. Ecosyst. Ecography, 6(2), 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000193
Cross, D. E., McDevitt, R. M., Hillman, K., & Acamovic, T. (2007). The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. British poultry science, 48(4), 496-506. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660701463221
Devi, S. (2025). Advancements in quantitative and qualitative methods for quality control of herbal drugs: a comprehensive review. Pharmacognosy Research, 17(2), 1-5. https://www.phcogres.com/sites/default/files/2077-PR.pdf
Ekunseitan, D. A., Abiola, S. S., Oluwatosin, O. O., Sogunle, O. M., Adeleye, O. O., Egbeyale, L. T., & Iyasere, O. S. (2017). Health status of laying birds administered extracts of Lagenaria breviflora managed under two housing systems. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 97(1), 154-164. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2015-0156
Ekunseitan, D. A., Yusuf, A. O., Olayinka, O. A., Ayoola, A., & Adedotun, A. (2016). Comparative study of two plants (Lagenaria breviflora and Petiveria alliacea) and their phytobiotic potential in poultry health. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 43(1), 289-298.
Gardzielewska, J., Pudyszak, K., Majewska, T., Jakubowska, M., & Pomianowski, J. (2003). Effect of plant-supplemented feeding on fresh and frozen storage quality of broiler chicken meat. J. Polish. Agric. Univ, 6(2). http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume6/issue2/animal/art-12.html
Gupta, M.C. (2002). Pharmacognosy of. Grewia sp. M. Phill. Dissertation, M.G.R. Univ. Madras, Tamil Nadu, India.
Gupta, R.K. & Jain, M.P. (1979). A note on the estimation of total alkaloids of Adhatoda vasica Nees. Indian Drugs, 16(7), 160-161.
Harborne, A. J. (1998). Phytochemical methods a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. springer science & business media. Springer Dordrecht.
Indumathi, C., Durgadevi, G., Nithyavani, S., & Gayathri, P. K. (2014). Estimation of terpenoid content and its antimicrobial property in Enicostemma litorrale. Int J ChemTech Res, 6(9), 4264-4267. https://www.sphinxsai.com/2014/RTBCE/4/(4264-4267)%20014.pdf
Kashyap, A. S. (2002). Comparative studies of habitat and storage specificity for certain medicinal plants (Ph.D. thesis, CCS University, Meerut, U.P., India).
Kashyap, A.S., Chauhan, C.S., Verma, A.K, & Sharma, R.K. (2007). Storage specificity for Adhatoda zeylanica medicus as a crude drug. Ad. Plant Sci., 20(I), 227-231.
Kaur, H. (2019). Boerhaavia diffusa: Bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 12(4), 1675-1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1797
Kaur, R., Choudhary, T., Kaur, R., Garg, M., Chauhan, N. S., Jain, A., & Baldi, A. (2025). Adulteration in Herbal Medicines: A Comprehensive Review on Types, Detection, and Health Impacts. Pharmacognosy Research, 17(4), 1116-1126. https://doi.org/10.5530/pres.20250085
Kumar, J., Choudhary, K., Singh, H., Kumar, A., & Bagga, P. (2025). Molecular approaches for authentication and identification of medicinal plants. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 43(3), 1006-1026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-025-01557-7
Li, X., Lu, M., Tang, D., & Shi, Y. (2015). Composition of carotenoids and flavonoids in narcissus cultivars and their relationship with flower color. PLoS One, 10(11), e0142074.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142074
Liu, Y., Zhang, C., Li, B., Li, H., & Zhan, H. (2015). Extraction and determination of total and soluble oxalate in pulping and papermaking raw materials. BioResources, 10(3), 4580-4587. https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/BioRes_10_3_4580_Liu_ZLLZ_Extract_Determ_Total_Soluble_Oxalate_Pulp_Papermaking_7028.pdf
Mujeeb, F., Bajpai, P., & Pathak, N. (2014). Phytochemical evaluation, antimicrobial activity, and determination of bioactive components from leaves of Aegle marmelos. BioMed research international, 2014(1), 497606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/497606
Mutha, R. E., Kalaskar, M., & Khan, Z. G. (2025). Modern Analytical Techniques for Quality Control and Chemical Identification of Phytochemicals. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry: Principles, Techniques, and Clinical Applications, 167-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394203680.ch09
Pandey, A. K., & Shukla, P. K. (2008). Role of medicinal plants in health care and rural economy in the Tribals of Satpura plateau region of Central India. Indian Forester, 134(11), 1438-1446.
Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants (2005). Medicinal Plants Unit ICMR, New Delhi, 2, 261-270.
Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants (2011). Medicinal Plants Unit ICMR, New Delhi, 9, 59-70.
Singh, A., Sharma, H., Singh, R., & Srikanth, N. (2019). High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Estimation of Boeravinone B in Boerhavia diffusa L. and its Polyherbal Dosage Form (Capsule). Pharmacognosy Research, 11(3), 267-72. www.phcogres.com/sites/default/files/PharmacognRes-11-3-267.pdf
Upadhyay, B., Roy, S., & Kumar, A. (2007). Traditional uses of medicinal plants among the rural communities of Churu district in the Thar Desert, India. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 113(3), 387-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.010
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Ali, S., Singh`A. and Kashyap, A. (2025) “A Comparative Chemical Profiling Between Boerhavia diffusa and its Adulterant Trianthema portulacastrum Herbal Plants”, International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 8(4), pp. 102-110. doi: https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2025.v08i04.008.
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