Phytochemical Screening, Heavy Metal Content and HPLC Estimation of Bioactive Compound from Leaves and Flower Extracts of Abutilon indicum for in vitro Antidiabetic Activity
Abstract
This research focused on the phytochemical screening, estimation of heavy metal content, and HPLC analysis of bioactive compounds exhibiting in vitro hypoglycemic activity in the ethanol extracts derived from the leaves and flowers of Abutilon indicum. The assessment of heavy metal content was conducted using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while the estimation of phytochemicals was performed through HPLC. The in vitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated using methods that inhibit the enzymes alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase. Cytotoxicity was assessed via an MTT assay on the L6 muscle cell line. The efficiency of the extracts was determined by testing the translocation of the glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) in L6-GLUT4myc cells. The ethanol extract from the leaves was found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, sterols, saponins, and tannins, whereas the flower extract comprised glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, and saponins. Both extracts were found to contain Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Co, but were devoid of Hg, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Pd. The leaves exhibited a higher concentration of steroidal compounds, particularly beta-sitosterol (5.34 mg), while the flower extract revealed a greater amount of the polyphenolic compound gallic acid (6.28 mg) as identified by HPLC. The in vitro antidiabetic activity was notably more significant in the flower extract, which also led to a substantial increase in GLUT4 levels when compared to the leaf extract. In conclusion, the findings indicated that both extracts demonstrated strong antidiabetic activity; however, the flower extract exhibited superior efficacy, likely attributable to its higher gallic acid content.
Keywords:
Antidiabetic Activity, Extracts, in vitro Study, Phytochemicals
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References
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Das, K., Khan, M. S., Namratha, N., Swetha, R., & Gezici, S. (2019). Comparative phytochemical screening, elemental content and chromatographic evaluation for detection and quantification of polyphenolic compounds for strong antioxidant activity of various extracts of Abutilon indicum (Link) Sweet leaves. Ann. Phytomed, 8(1), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.21276/ap.2019.8.1.4
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Gupta, R. N., Pareek, A., Suthar, M., Rathore, G. S., Basniwal, P. K., & Jain, D. (2009). Study of glucose uptake activity of Helicteres isora Linn. fruits in L-6 cell lines. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 29(4), 170-173. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-3930.57349
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Khonsa, K., Setyaningrum, D. L., Saputro, A. H., Amelia, T., Ibrahim, S., & Damayanti, S. (2022). Analysis of β-sitosterol in supplement using high-performance liquid chromatography: Development and validation. RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry, 15(03),1997-2003. http://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2022.1536752
Kwon, Y. I., Apostolidis, E., & Shetty, K. (2007). Evaluation of pepper (Capsicum annuum) for management of diabetes and hypertension. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 31(3), 370-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2007.00120.x
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Poonkothai, M. (2006). Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Abutilon indicum. Ancient Science of Life, 26(1&2), 39-41.
Prasanna, G., Devi, R., & Ishwarya, G. (2019). In vitro evaluation of antidiabetic and cytotoxicity potentials of the rhizome extract of Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Smith. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 12, 72-76. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i11.35078
Rajeshwari, S., & Sevarkodiyone, S. P. (2018). Medicinal properties of Abutilon indicum. Open J Plant Sci, 3(1), 022-025. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ojps.000011
Rubin, R., Strayer, D. S., & Rubin, E. (Eds.). (2008). Rubin's pathology: clinicopathologic foundations of medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1341 pages. https://shorturl.at/1SFTE
Saini, A., Singh, D. P., Gautam, G. K., Ashfaq, M., & Dwivedi, B. (2014). Evaluation of root and leaf extract of Abutilon indicum Linn. for antifungal activity. Int J Chem Pharm Sci, 2, 717-21.
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Singh, K. B., Nnadozie, M. C., Abdal, M., Shrestha, N., Abe, R. A. M., Masroor, A., ... & Mohammed, L. (2021). Type 2 diabetes and causes of sudden cardiac death: a systematic review. Cureus, 13(9), e18145. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.18145
Sunil, M., Vedavijaya, T., Sayana, S. B., & Podila, K. S. (2023). Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant evaluation of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Abutilon indicum. Cureus, 15(10).
Thilagam, E., Parimaladevi, B., Kumarappan, C., & Mandal, S. C. (2013). α-Glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity of Senna surattensis. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 6(1), 24-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2012.10.005
Thomas, C. C., & Philipson, L. H. (2015). Update on diabetes classification. Medical Clinics, 99(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.015
Tolosa, L., Donato, M. T., & Gómez-Lechón, M. J. (2014). General cytotoxicity assessment by means of the MTT assay. In Protocols in in vitro hepatocyte research (pp. 333-348). New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2074-7_26
Zaid, H., Antonescu, C. N., Randhawa, V. K., & Klip, A. (2008). Insulin action on glucose transporters through molecular switches, tracks and tethers. Biochemical Journal, 413(2), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20080723
Zhao, P., Ming, Q., Qiu, J., Tian, D., Liu, J., Shen, J., ... & Yang, X. (2018). Ethanolic extract of folium sennae mediates the glucose uptake of L6 cells by GLUT4 and Ca2+. Molecules, 23(11), 2934. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112934
Alqahtani, A. S., Hidayathulla, S., Rehman, M. T., ElGamal, A. A., Al-Massarani, S., Razmovski-Naumovski, V., ... & AlAjmi, M. F. (2019). Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition and antioxidant potential of 3-oxolupenal and katononic acid isolated from Nuxia oppositifolia. Biomolecules, 10(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10010061
Bolleddu, R., Venkatesh, S., & Narasimhaji, C. V. (2021). Pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies of Atibala (Abutilon indicum [Linn.] sweet) fruit. AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda), 42(3), 138-142. https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.ayu_264_20
Chandrashekhar, V. M., Nagappa, A. N., Channesh, T. S., Habbu, P. V., & Rao, K. P. (2004). Anti-Diarrhoeal Activity of Abutilon indicum Linn Leaf Extract. Journal of Natural Remedies, 4(1), 12–16. https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2004/375
Das, K., Asdaq, S. M. B., Khan, M. S., Amrutha, S., Alamri, A., Alhomrani, M., ... & Harshitha, P. (2022). Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Euphorbia hirta ethanol leaf and root extracts: A comparative study. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 34(7), 102261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102261
Das, K., Dang, R., Hegde, L., & Tripathi, A. S. (2011). Assessment of heavy metals in dried Stevia leaves by atomic absorption spectrophotometer grown under various soil conditions. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 8(1), 107-113. https://idosi.org/mejsr/mejsr8(1)11/19.pdf
Das, K., Deb, S., & Karanth, T. (2019). Phytochemical screening and metallic ion content and its impact on the ant psoriasis activity of aqueous leaf extracts of calendula officinalis and phlebodium decumanum in an animal experiment model. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16(3), 292-302. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.44265
Das, K., Iyer, K. R., Orfali, R., Asdaq, S. M. B., Alotaibi, N. S., Alotaibi, F. S., ... & Ghoneim, M. (2023). In silico studies and evaluation of in vitro antidiabetic activity of berberine from ethanol seed extract of Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 35(5), 102666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102666
Das, K., Khan M, S., Sounder, J., Mohan, U., & Prasad S, V. (2020). Phytochemical screening and establishment of the antidiabetic potential of aqueous leaf extract of the endangered plant decalepis nervosa in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17(3), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.47135
Das, K., Khan, M. S., Namratha, N., Swetha, R., & Gezici, S. (2019). Comparative phytochemical screening, elemental content and chromatographic evaluation for detection and quantification of polyphenolic compounds for strong antioxidant activity of various extracts of Abutilon indicum (Link) Sweet leaves. Ann. Phytomed, 8(1), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.21276/ap.2019.8.1.4
Dashputre, N. L., & Naikwade, N. S. (2010). Immunomodulatory activity of Abutilon indicum linn on albino mice. International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research, 1(3), 178-184. https://www.ijpsr.info/docs/IJPSR10-01-03- 03.pdf
Gupta, R. N., Pareek, A., Suthar, M., Rathore, G. S., Basniwal, P. K., & Jain, D. (2009). Study of glucose uptake activity of Helicteres isora Linn. fruits in L-6 cell lines. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 29(4), 170-173. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-3930.57349
Kadan, S., Saad, B., Sasson, Y., & Zaid, H. (2013). In vitro evaluations of cytotoxicity of eight antidiabetic medicinal plants and their effect on GLUT4 translocation. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013(1), 549345. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/549345
Kaushik, P., Kaushik, D., Khokra, S., & Chaudhary, B. (2009). Abutilon indicum (Atibala): Ethno-botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology–A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 1(1), 4-9. https://impactfactor.org/PDF/IJPCR/1/IJPCR,Vol1,Issue1,Article2.pdf
Khonsa, K., Setyaningrum, D. L., Saputro, A. H., Amelia, T., Ibrahim, S., & Damayanti, S. (2022). Analysis of β-sitosterol in supplement using high-performance liquid chromatography: Development and validation. RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry, 15(03),1997-2003. http://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2022.1536752
Kwon, Y. I., Apostolidis, E., & Shetty, K. (2007). Evaluation of pepper (Capsicum annuum) for management of diabetes and hypertension. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 31(3), 370-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2007.00120.x
Li, H. L., Yan, C. P., Qi, J. S., Zhang, S., Guo, D. Q., Gu, W. C., ... & Zhou, N. (2023). Analysis of the heavy metal contents’ effect on steroidal saponins and the anti-breast cancer activity of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, 1277395. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1277395
Ong, K. L., Stafford, L. K., McLaughlin, S. A., Boyko, E. J., Vollset, S. E., Smith, A. E., ... & Brauer, M. (2023). Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, 402(10397), 203-234. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)01301-6/fulltext?TRILIBIS_EMULATOR_UA=aqkljlpwmmkitx
Paranjape, A. N., & Mehta, A. A. (2008). Investigation into the mechanism of action of Abutilon indicum in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Global Journal of Pharmacology, 2(2), 23-30. https://idosi.org/gjp/2(2)08/2.pdf
Poonkothai, M. (2006). Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Abutilon indicum. Ancient Science of Life, 26(1&2), 39-41.
Prasanna, G., Devi, R., & Ishwarya, G. (2019). In vitro evaluation of antidiabetic and cytotoxicity potentials of the rhizome extract of Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Smith. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 12, 72-76. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i11.35078
Rajeshwari, S., & Sevarkodiyone, S. P. (2018). Medicinal properties of Abutilon indicum. Open J Plant Sci, 3(1), 022-025. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ojps.000011
Rubin, R., Strayer, D. S., & Rubin, E. (Eds.). (2008). Rubin's pathology: clinicopathologic foundations of medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1341 pages. https://shorturl.at/1SFTE
Saini, A., Singh, D. P., Gautam, G. K., Ashfaq, M., & Dwivedi, B. (2014). Evaluation of root and leaf extract of Abutilon indicum Linn. for antifungal activity. Int J Chem Pharm Sci, 2, 717-21.
Sharma, A. K. (2013). Medicinal properties of Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn. and its species). International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, 1. https://www.scribd.com/document/731127177/MEDICINAL-PROPERTIES-OF-BALA
Singh, K. B., Nnadozie, M. C., Abdal, M., Shrestha, N., Abe, R. A. M., Masroor, A., ... & Mohammed, L. (2021). Type 2 diabetes and causes of sudden cardiac death: a systematic review. Cureus, 13(9), e18145. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.18145
Sunil, M., Vedavijaya, T., Sayana, S. B., & Podila, K. S. (2023). Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant evaluation of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Abutilon indicum. Cureus, 15(10).
Thilagam, E., Parimaladevi, B., Kumarappan, C., & Mandal, S. C. (2013). α-Glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity of Senna surattensis. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 6(1), 24-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2012.10.005
Thomas, C. C., & Philipson, L. H. (2015). Update on diabetes classification. Medical Clinics, 99(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.015
Tolosa, L., Donato, M. T., & Gómez-Lechón, M. J. (2014). General cytotoxicity assessment by means of the MTT assay. In Protocols in in vitro hepatocyte research (pp. 333-348). New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2074-7_26
Zaid, H., Antonescu, C. N., Randhawa, V. K., & Klip, A. (2008). Insulin action on glucose transporters through molecular switches, tracks and tethers. Biochemical Journal, 413(2), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20080723
Zhao, P., Ming, Q., Qiu, J., Tian, D., Liu, J., Shen, J., ... & Yang, X. (2018). Ethanolic extract of folium sennae mediates the glucose uptake of L6 cells by GLUT4 and Ca2+. Molecules, 23(11), 2934. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112934
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How to Cite
Aladakatti, S. and R., V. (2025) “Phytochemical Screening, Heavy Metal Content and HPLC Estimation of Bioactive Compound from Leaves and Flower Extracts of Abutilon indicum for in vitro Antidiabetic Activity”, International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 8(4), pp. 158-173. doi: https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2025.v08i04.012.
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