Morphometric Variation and Seasonal Polymorphism of Dinoflagellate Tripos in the Hooghly River Estuary Bay of Bengal
Abstract
This study investigated morphological variation in three dominant Tripos spp. to validate the hypothesis of seasonal polymorphism in the Hooghly River estuarine context. Individual Tripos cells were assessed for raw morphological traits, such as total length, horn lengths, and transdiameter, from which shape ratios, bio-volume, surface area, and carbon content were derived using geometric approximations. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test on the 16 morphometric traits revealed T. fusus (U = 638–1334, z = 8.96–10.66, p < 0.0001), T. furca (U = 622–1389, z = 4.62–10.51, p < 0.0001), and T. trichoceros (U = 453–1647, z = 8.19–11.11, p < 0.0001) all displayed notable seasonal variations and morphometric shifts between pre-monsoon (PRM) and Post-monsoon (POM). The major patterns of these variations were documented using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PC1 was able to capture traits (for T. furca 65.53%, T. fusus 73.36%, T. trichoceros 69.17% variance) related to size, like total length, bio-volume, and carbon content, while PC2 revealed intraspecific variation in morphological plasticity, which represented traits related to shape and symmetry (e.g., horn ratios). POM samples exhibited a distinct seasonal clustering, on the positive side of the PC axes, which was associated with higher cell size and biomass compared to small-sized PRM samples on the negative side of the PC axes for all Tripos spp. Spearman’s correlation between PCA scores and water quality parameters showed a significant association, indicating that salinity, TDS, and nutrient loads are key environmental drivers.
Keywords:
Correlation, Horn Length, Seasonal Form, Shape Ratios
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References
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Baek, S.H., Shimode, S., Han, M.S., & Kikuchi, T. (2008). Growth of dinoflagellates, Ceratium furca and Ceratium fusus in Sagami Bay, Japan: The role of nutrients. Harmful Algae, 7(6), 729-739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.02.007
Baek, S. H., Shimode, S., Shin, K., Han, M. S., & Kikuchi, T. (2009). Growth of dinoflagellates, Ceratium furca and Ceratium fusus in Sagami Bay, Japan: The role of vertical migration and cell division. Harmful algae, 8(6), 843-856. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03022431
Balqis, A. R. S., Yusoff, F. M., Arshad, A., & Nishikawa, J. (2016). Seasonal variations of zooplankton biomass and size-fractionated abundance in relation to environmental changes in a tropical mangrove estuary in the Straits of Malacca. Journal of Environmental Biology, 37(4), 685. https://www.jeb.co.in/journal_issues/201607_jul16_spl/paper_07.pdf
Bhutia, R. N., Abhilashwodeyar, K., Devadas, D., Mandal, U. K., Sreekanth, G. B., Landge, A. T., ... & Burman, D. (2024). Dynamics of phytoplankton community in relation to environmental variables in tropical mangrove estuary, Sundarbans, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 45(6), 654-665. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/45/6/MRN-5369
Chitari, R. R., Anil, A. C., Kulkarni, V. V., Narale, D. D., & Patil, J. S. (2017). Inter-and intra-annual variations in the population of Tripos from the Bay of Bengal. Current Science, 1219-1229. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v112/i06/1219-1229
Drakulović, D., Huter, A., Pestorić, B., Marković, O., & Šuković, D. (2024). Phytoplankton Dynamics in an Oligo-mesotrophic Environment along the Montenegrin Coast (South-East Adriatic Sea). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 24(4), TRJFAS24835. https://doi.org/10.4194/TRJFAS24835
Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., & Ehrhardt, M. (Eds.). (2009). Methods of seawater analysis. John Wiley & Sons.https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527613984
Hasle, G. R., Syvertsen, E. E., Steidinger, K. A., Tangen, K., & Tomas, C. R. (1996). Identifying marine diatoms and dinoflagellates. Elsevier, 5-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-693015-3.X5000-1
Hillebrand, H., Dürselen, C. D., Kirschtel, D., Pollingher, U., & Zohary, T. (1999). Biovolume calculation for pelagic and benthic microalgae. Journal of Phycology, 35(2), 403-424. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3520403.x
Huang, X., Liu, K., Ding, X., Liu, S., Cui, Z., Zhao, Y., & Chen, N. (2024). Dinoflagellate Tripos species composition and seasonal dynamics in Jiaozhou Bay revealed through 18S rDNA V4-based metabarcoding analysis. Journal of Applied Phycology, 36(4), 1939-1952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-024-03239-5
Huynh, N. D. T., Nguyen-Ngoc, L., Voss, M., & Doan-Nhu, H. (2022). Dinoflagellate Tripos furca and Tripos fusus niches in the South China Sea: Maximum entropy assessment of environmental factors. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 55, 102601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2022.102601
Lyakh, A. M., & Bryantseva, Y. V. (2014). Seasonal polymorphism of the Black Sea dinoflagellates from genus Ceratium: C. furca, C. fusus, C. tripos (Dinophyceae). Modern Phytomorphology, 5, 209-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.161026
Castillo, M. E. M. D., Resendiz, M. E. Z., Okolodkov, Y. B., & Ugarte, I. H. S. (2003). Ceratium balechii sp. nov.(Dinophyceae: Gonyaulacales) from the Mexican Pacific. Hidrobiológica, 13(1), 75-90. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-88972003000100009
Mitra, A., Trivedi, S., Zaman, S., Pramanick, P., Chakraborty, S., Pal, N., Fazli, P., & Banerjee, K. (2015). Decadal variation of nutrient level in two major estuaries in Indian Sundarbans. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 8(2), 231-236. https://jjbs.hu.edu.jo/files/v8n3/Paper%20Number%2012m.pdf
Morabito, G., Oggioni, A., Caravati, E., & Panzani, P. (2007). Seasonal morphological plasticity of phytoplankton in Lago Maggiore (N. Italy). Hydrobiologia, 578(1), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0432-5
Naik, R. K., Hegde, S., & Anil, A. C. (2011). Dinoflagellate community structure from the stratified environment of the Bay of Bengal, with special emphasis on harmful algal bloom species. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 182(1), 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1855-z
Nasution, A.K., Takarina, N.D., & Thoha, H. (2021). The presence and abundance of harmful dinoflagellate algae related to water quality in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 22(5) 2909-2917. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220556
Pacheco, J. L. P., Álvarez Borrego, J., Orellana Cepeda, E., & Cortés Altamirano, R. (1999). Diffraction pattern applicability in the identification of Ceratium species. Journal of Plankton Research, 21(8), 1463-1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/21.8.1455
Pradhan, S.P., Nayak, S., Sharma, S.N., Nayak, P., Muduli, N., & Patnaik, L. (2023). Diversity of Ceratium Schrank (Dinophyceae) species in the surface waters of Dhamra, Odisha, Eastern India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 44(6), 784-794. http://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/6/5141
Rath, A. R., Mitbavkar, S., & Anil, A. C. (2021). Response of the phytoplankton community to seasonal and spatial environmental conditions in the Haldia port ecosystem located in the tropical Hooghly River estuary. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(9), 548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09255-z
Ravelo, S. F., Yap-Dejeto, L. G., Silaras, M. L. S., Amparado, M. L. L., Ocampo, J. A., Abria, E. G., & Albina, M. B. (2022). A snapshot on the distribution of coastal phytoplankton communities in five HAB-affected bays in Eastern Visayas, Philippines. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 730518. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.730518
Rodrigues, R. V., & Patil, J. S. (2021). Salinity changes may influence dinoflagellate cyst morphometry: data from monsoon-influenced tropical coastal ecosystems. Journal of Plankton Research, 43(6), 853-864. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbab072
Saha, S., Chukwuka, A. V., Mukherjee, D., Saha, N. C., & Adeogun, A. O. (2022). Hydrological connectivity, surface water quality and distribution of fish species within sub-locations of an urban oxbow lake, East India. Watershed Ecology and the Environment, 4, 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2022.04.001
Sahu, G., Mohanty, A. K., Samantara, M. K., & Satpathy, K. K. (2014). Seasonality in the distribution of dinoflagellates with special reference to harmful algal species in tropical coastal environment, Bay of Bengal. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186(10), 6627-6644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3878-3
Sarker, S., Haque, A. B., Chowdhury, G. W., & Huda, A. S. (2023). Environmental Controls of phytoplankton in the river dominated sub-tropical coastal ecosystem of Bangladesh. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 66, 103114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2023.103114
Sastre, M.P., Sánchez, E., Flores, M., Astacio, S., Rodríguez, J., Santiago, M., Olivieri, K., Francis, V., Núñez, J. (2013). Population fluctuations of Pyrodinium bahamense and Ceratium furca (Dinophyceae) in Laguna Grande, Puerto Rico, and environmental variables associated during a three-year period. Revista de Biología Tropical, 61(4), 1799-1813. https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?pid=S0034-77442013000500019&script=sci_arttext
Sathish, T., Nazrin, A. K., Thomas, L. C., & Padmakumar, K. B. (2022). Seasonal dynamics of dinoflagellates with special emphasis on potentially harmful species in a tropical estuarine system along the southwest coast of India. Journal of Oceanography, 78(5), 397-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-022-00648-3
Smalley, G. W., Coats, D. W., & Stoecker, D. K. (2003). Feeding in the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Ceratium furca is influenced by intracellular nutrient concentrations. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 262, 137-151. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps262137
Smayda, T.J. (1997). Harmful algal blooms: Their ecophysiology and general relevance to phytoplankton blooms in the sea. Limnology and Oceanography, 42(5, Part 2), 1137-1153. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1137
Smayda, T.J. (2000). Ecological features of harmful algal blooms in coastal upwelling ecosystems. African Journal of Marine Science, 22(1), 91-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/025776100784125816
Smayda, T.J. (2010). Adaptations and selection of harmful and other dinoflagellate species in upwelling systems: Morphology and adaptive polymorphism. Progress in Oceanography, 85(1–2), 53-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2010.02.004
Souhardya, S.M., Kumar, U., Iqbal, M.M., Kabir, I. E., Billah, M.M., Das, C., Barman, S., Das, S., Shawlin, J.F., Ahmed, S.I., & Das, J. (2025). Phytoplankton in contrasting ecosystems of the southeastern coast of Bangladesh: Effects of seasonality and environmental factors. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(3), 260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-13699-y
Stanca, E., Cellamare, M., & Basset, A. (2013). Geometric shape as a trait to study phytoplankton distributions in aquatic ecosystems. Hydrobiologia, 701(1), 99-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1262-2
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How to Cite
Biswas, G. and Saha, S. (2025) “Morphometric Variation and Seasonal Polymorphism of Dinoflagellate Tripos in the Hooghly River Estuary Bay of Bengal”, International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 8(4), pp. 174-185. doi: https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2025.v08i04.013.
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