Bacterial Biofilms in Livestock Diseases: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis, Persistence, and Therapeutic Challenges
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms pose a perilous challenge in livestock health, contributing to chronic infections, treatment failures, and economic losses across livestock. These designed microbial communities render an extracellular matrix, conferring improved resistance to antimicrobials and host immune defences in contrast to their planktonic counterparts. This review emphasizes the basic structural biology of bacterial biofilms, illustrating the molecular mechanisms controlling their growth and proliferation with significant correlation with the quorum sensing (QS) pathway and cyclic-di-GMP signalling scheme. QS initiates cell populations via autoinducers, while cyclic GMP acts as a ubiquitous second messenger that controls phase switching via modulating exopolysaccharide production, adhesion expression and flagellar motility. Biofilms display pivotal role in major livestock diseases, including bovine mastitis (primarily Staphylococcus aureus), bovine respiratory disease complex, endometritis, and enteric diseases across livestock. The maturation of biofilm exacerbates antimicrobial resistance (AMR), impeding therapeutic interventions. Current therapeutics comprising conventional antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides and matrix-degrading enzymes limit functional impairment in livestock disease management. Also, emerging technological advancements leverage CRISPR-Cas gene editing tools to target biofilm-associated pathogens, restrict QS and c-di-GMP signalling cascades, and eradicate AMR. Finally, this current review proposes the therapeutic potential of amalgamating CRISPR-based antimicrobials with conventional approaches to mature next-generation biofilm management protocols for sustainable livestock disease management.
Keywords:
AMR, Biofilm, CRISPR, Livestock, Quorum Sensing, Therapeutics
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References
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Ghosh, S., Das, D., Mitra, A., Ghosh, A. and De, S. (2026) “Bacterial Biofilms in Livestock Diseases: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis, Persistence, and Therapeutic Challenges”, International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 9(4), pp. 19-41. doi: https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2026.v09i04.002.
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