Aquaponics Production of Indian Catfish Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) Integrated with Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.): Comparison with Controlled and Conventional Production Systems
Abstract
The integration of aquaculture and hydroponics through aquaponics has emerged as a promising strategy to address the increasing demand for sustainable food production under conditions of limited land and freshwater resources. Fish performance was compared among aquaponic, recirculating aquaculture, and conventional tank systems, while lettuce productivity was assessed under aquaponic, hydroponic, and conventional soil-based cultivation across five consecutive 42-day crop cycles (CC1–CC5). Aquaponics significantly improved water quality by reducing residual ammonia, nitrite, phosphate, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids while maintaining dissolved oxygen and pH within favourable ranges for fish growth (p < 0.05). Consequently, C. magur reared in AQPS1 exhibited superior growth performance, achieving the highest final weight (143.05 ± 13.04 g), specific growth rate (2.43 ± 0.11% day⁻¹), thermal growth coefficient (0.78 ± 0.01), survival rate (95.83 ± 2.89%), and net biomass yield (5448.96 ± 98.53 g), together with the lowest feed conversion ratio (2.21 ± 0.03) (p < 0.05). For lettuce production, aquaponics progressively outperformed hydroponic and soil-based systems as the system matured, recording the highest plant biomass (58.43 ± 9.66 g) and maximum yield of 1168.77 ± 63.05 g m⁻² during the third crop cycle. These findings demonstrate that NFT-based aquaponics effectively couples fish and vegetable production while enhancing nutrient recycling, improving water quality, increasing productivity, and reducing environmental losses compared with conventional systems. The integration of C. magur and lettuce therefore represents a viable and climate-resilient food production model with considerable potential for adoption in resource-constrained regions of developing countries.
Keywords:
Aquaponics, Clarias magur, Lactuca sativa, Nutrient Recycling, Sustainable Aquaculture
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abdullah, K., Ismail, T. G., Yusuf, U, & Belgin, C. (2004). Effects of mulch and irrigation water amounts on lettuce s yield evapotranspiration transpiration and soil evaporation in Isparta location Turkey. Journal of Biological Science, 6(4), 751-755. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2004.751.755
Abu‐Rayyan, A., Kharawish, B. H., & Al‐Ismail, K. (2004). Nitrate content in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) heads in relation to plant spacing, nitrogen form and irrigation level. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 84(9), 931-936. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1733
Ajani, E. K., Akinwole, A. O., & Ayodele, I. A. (2011). Fundamentals of fish farming in Nigeria. Walecrown Ventures, Ibadan, Nigeria, 89-105. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/10785218
Ahmad, M. H., Khan, M., Zeb, M. H. A., Rahim, S., Kashif, M., Islam, S., & Jan, S. S. (2025). Soil sampling and determination of soil physical and hydraulic properties of different soils. Kashf Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(10). https://doi.org/10.71146/kjmr663
Al-Dubakel, A. Y., Jabir, A. A., & Al-Hamadany, Q. H. (2011). Growth performance and implication of a thermal-unit growth coefficient of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix larvae reared in recirculation system. Journal of King Abdulaziz University, 22(2), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.4197/Mar.22-2.3
AllThatGrows. (n.d.). How to grow lettuce in India: Complete container growing guide. https://www.allthatgrows.in/blogs/posts/grow-lettuce-from-seeds-india
American Public Health Association (1926). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (Vol. 6). American Public Health Association.
Anantharaja, K., Mohapatra, B. C., Pillai, B. R., Kumar, R., Devaraj, C., & Majhi, D. (2017). Growth and survival of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus in Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Aquaponics System. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5(4), 24-29.
Ani, J. S., Manyala, J. O., Masese, F. O., & Fitzsimmons, K. (2022). Effect of stocking density on growth performance of monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the aquaponic system integrated with lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Aquaculture and Fisheries, 7(3), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2021.03.002
Azam, F., & Ifzal, M. (2006). Microbial populations immobilizing NH4+-N and NO3−-N differ in their sensitivity to sodium chloride salinity in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38(8), 2491-2494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.01.028
Bambhaniya, I. J., Kamleshbhai, B. P., & Bajaniya, V. C. (2023). Unlocking sustainable agriculture: Aquaponics system. Dimension in Agricultural Sciences: A Way Forward for Sustainability. JEC Publication, 45-56.
Bernstein, S. (2013). Aquaponic gardening: a step-by-step guide to raising vegetables and fish together. Saraband.
Bhanja, A., Payra, P., & Mandal, B. (2024). Aquaponics Advancements: A Comprehensive Exploration of Sustainable Aqua-Agriculture Practices in the Indian Context. Current Agriculture Research Journal, 12(3), 1062-1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.12.3.03
Bhanja, S.N., Mukherjee, A., Rodell, M. (2018). Groundwater Storage Variations in India. In: Mukherjee, A. (eds) Groundwater of South Asia. Springer Hydrogeology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3889-1_4
Bilskie, J. (2001). Soil water status: Content and potential (Application Note 2S-1). Campbell Scientific, Inc. https://s.campbellsci.com/documents/cn/technical-papers/soilh20c.pdf
Bisai, D., Chatterjee, S., & Tamili, D. K., (2016). Analysis of Physical Properties of Soil Samples in Traditional Agricultural area in Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 3(4), 36-41. https://ijiset.com/vol3/v3s4/IJISET_V3_I4_05.pdf
Biswas, A., & Das, H. (2014). Characteristics of surface soil around Digha coastal region of West Bengal. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(7, Ver. III), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-19732530
Boyd, C. E. (1982). Water Quality Management of Pond Fish Culture Elsevier Science Publishing Company Inc. New Cork. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19821428342
Britto, D. T., & Kronzucker, H. J. (2002). NH4+ toxicity in higher plants: A critical review. Journal of Plant Physiology, 159(6), 567-584. https://doi.org/10.1078/0176-1617-0774
Delaide, B., Goddek, S., Gott, J., Soyeurt, H., & Jijakli, M. H. (2016). Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Sucrine) growth performance in complemented aquaponic solution outperforms hydroponics. Water, 8(10), 467. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8100467
Eck, M., Körner, O., Jijakli, M.H. (2019). Nutrient Cycling in Aquaponics Systems. In: Goddek, S., Joyce, A., Kotzen, B., Burnell, G.M. (eds) Aquaponics Food Production Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_9
Effendi, H., Utomo, B. A., Darmawangsa, G. M., & Hanafiah, D. A. (2015). Wastewater treatment of freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) culture with lettuce (Lactuca sativa). International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, 10(1), 409-420.
Effendi, H., Wahyuningsih, S., & Wardiatno, Y. (2017). The use of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivation wastewater for the production of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) in water recirculation system. Applied Water Science, 7(6), 3055-3063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0418-z
Faturoti, E. O. (1989). Effects of supplementary feeding and organic manuring on the production of African catfish: Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). West African Fish, 187-195.
FeroseKhan, S., Sahoo, S. N., Giri, S. S., & Sahoo, S. K. (2021). Scenario of captive production of Clarias magur in India. Aquaculture Asia, 25(1), 10-13. https://enaca.org/?id=1138
Food and Agriculture Organization (2023). Standard operating procedure for soil moisture content by gravimetric method. Rome, Italy. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/477e7fab-affc-4d3b-b0d0-51d525121b44
Goddek, S., & Vermeulen, T. (2018). Comparison of Lactuca sativa growth performance in conventional and RAS-based hydroponic systems. Aquaculture International, 26(6), 1377-1386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-018-0293-8
Goddek, S., Delaide, B., Mankasingh, U., Ragnarsdottir, K. V., Jijakli, H., & Thorarinsdottir, R. (2015). Challenges of sustainable and commercial aquaponics. Sustainability, 7(4), 4199–4224. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7044199
Hashmi, Z., Metal, F., Amin, M., Bakar, M. S. A., Wibisono, Y., Nugroho, W. A., & Bila, M. R. (2025). Recirculating aquaculture systems: Advances, impacts, and integrated pathways for sustainable growth. Bioresource Technology Reports, 32, 102340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102340
Haymer, D. S., & Khedkar, G. D. (2022). Biology of selected Clarias catfish species used in aquaculture. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture–Bamidgeh, 74. https://doi.org/10.46989/001c.37958
Hong, J., Xu, F., Chen, G., Huang, X., Wang, S., Du, L., & Ding, G. (2022). Evaluation of the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium applications on the growth, yield, and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Agronomy, 12(10), 2477. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102477
Hoque, M. M., Ajwa, H., Othman, M., Smith, R., & Cahn, M. (2010). Yield and postharvest quality of lettuce in response to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers. HortScience, 45(10), 1539-1544. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.45.10.1539
Jackson, M. L., Miller, R. H., & Forkiln, R. E. (1973). Soil chemical analysis Prentic-Hall of India Pvt. & Ltd. New Delhi: 2nd Indian Rep, 128. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135603
Jhingran, V. G. (1982). Fish and fisheries of India. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122621/records/647761c15eb437ddff7823a6
Khater, E. S., Bahnasawy, A., Ali, S., Abbas, W., Morsy, O., & Sabahy, A. (2023). Study on the plant and fish production in the aquaponic system as affected by different hydraulic loading rates. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 17505. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44707-1
Kifufu, J., Kalala, G., Mafwila, P., & Kiatoko, H. (2024). Growth performance of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in aquaponics and determination of the optimal stocking density of Nile Tilapia maximizing its productivity. Journal of Sustainable Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 3(5), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.21608/jsaes.2025.339670.1115
Knaus, U., Wenzel, L. C., Appelbaum, S., & Palm, H. W. (2020). Aquaponics (sl) Production of spearmint (Mentha spicata) with African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Northern Germany. Sustainability, 12(20), 8717. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208717
Knepp, G. L., & Arkin, G. F. (1973). Ammonia toxicity levels and nitrate tolerance of channel catfish. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 35(4), 221-224. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1973)35[221:ATLANT]2.0.CO;2
Kordi, M. G. H. (2009). Budi daya perairan (Vol. 2). PT Citra Aditya Bakti. https://citraaditya.com/product/budi-daya-perairan-buku-kedua_m-ghufran-h-kordi-k/
Kreutz, G. F., Sandoya, G. V., England, G. K., & Mussoline, W. (2021). Exploring the potential of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as an early crop in Florida’s sandy soils. HortScience, 56(1), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15420-20
Kumar, R., Kaushal, S., & Shukla, Y. R. (2010). Variability, correlation, and path analysis studies in lettuce. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 16(4), 299-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2010.481660
Lambin, E. F. (2012). Global land availability: Malthus versus Ricardo. Global Food Security, 1(2), 83-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2012.11.002
Lambin, E. F., & Meyfroidt, P. (2011). Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(9), 3465-3472. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100480108
Lehman, R. M., Cambardella, C. A., Stott, D. E., Acosta-Martinez, V., Manter, D. K., Buyer, J. S., ... & Karlen, D. L. (2015). Understanding and enhancing soil biological health: The solution for reversing soil degradation. Sustainability, 7(1), 988-1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7010988
Lennard, W. A., & Leonard, B. V. (2006). A comparison of three different hydroponic sub-systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an aquaponic test system. Aquaculture International, 14(6), 539-550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-006-9053-2
Love, D. C., Fry, J. P., Li, X., Hill, E. S., Genello, L., Semmens, K., & Thompson, R. E. (2015). Commercial aquaponics production and profitability: Findings from an international survey. Aquaculture, 435, 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.09.023
Lucas, J. S., Southgate, P. C., & Tucker, C. S. (Eds.). (2019). Aquaculture: Farming aquatic animals and plants. John Wiley & Sons. https://www.wiley.com/en-au/shop/general-aquaculture-fisheries-fish-science/aquaculture-farming-aquatic-animals-and-plants-3rd-edition-p-9781119230823
Majid, M., Khan, J. N., Shah, Q. M. A., Masoodi, K. Z., Afroza, B., & Parvaze, S. (2021). Evaluation of hydroponic systems for the cultivation of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., var. Longifolia) and comparison with protected soil-based cultivation. Agricultural Water Management, 245, 106572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106572
Mandal, S., Bhanja, A., Das, M., Payra, P., Mandal, G., Bera, P., & Mandal, B. (2023). Review on Aquaponics Exordium: A Key Towards Sustainable Resource Management. In Biological Forum-An International Journal, 15(2), 561-573. https://www.researchtrend.net/bfij/pdf/Review%20on%20Aquaponics%20Exordium%20A%20Key%20Towards%20Sustainable%20Resource%20Management-Basudev%20Mandal-89.pdf
Maranga, B. O., Kagali, R. N., Omolo, K. M., & Sagwe, P. O. (2023). Effect of growth substrates on water quality, catfish (Clarias gariepinus) culture and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) propagation under aquaponic system. Development, 34, 82. https://www.lrrd.org/lrrd34/9/3482mara.html
Maranga, B., Kagali, R., Mbogo, K., Orina, P., Munguti, J., & Ogello, E. (2022). Growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed on diets containing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae under aquaponic system. Aquaculture Studies, 23(5). https://doi.org/10.4194/AQUAST910
Maucieri, C., Forchino, A. A., Nicoletto, C., Junge, R., Pastres, R., Sambo, P., & Borin, M. (2018). Life cycle assessment of a micro aquaponic system for educational purposes built using recovered material. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 3119-3127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.097
Maxwell, J., Pattadar, S. N., Smith, M., Bergefurd, B., Krisnakumar, N., Slater, B., & Islam, K. R. (2023). Aquaponic system impacts on lettuce yield and quality. World Aquaculture Society. https://www.was.org/MeetingAbstracts/ShowAbstract/156518
Mchunu, N., Lagerwall, G., & Senzanje, A. (2017). Food sovereignty for food security, aquaponics system as a potential method: a review. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 8(7), 1000497. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000497
McMurtry, M. R., Nelson, P. V., Sanders, D. C., & Hodges, L. (1990). Sand culture of vegetables using recirculated aquacultural effluents. Applied Agricultural Research, 5(4), 280-284. https://iavs.info/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Sand-Culture-of-Vegetables-Using-Recirculated-Aquacultural-Effluents-1990.pdf
McMurtry, M. R., Sanders, D. C., Cure, J. D., & Hodson, R. G. (1997). Effects of biofilter/culture tank volume ratios on productivity of a recirculating fish/vegetable co-culture system. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 7(4), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1300/J028v07n04_03
Metson, A. J. (1956). Methods of chemical analysis for soil survey samples. Agronomy Journal, New Zealand, 208 pp. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1957.00021962004900040024x
Mizanur, R. M., & Bai, S. C. (2014). The optimum feeding frequency in growing Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) rearing at the temperature of 15 C and 19 C. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(9), 1319-1327. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2014.14193
Mulabagal, V., Ngouajio, M., Nair, A., Zhang, Y., Gottumukkala, A. L., & Nair, M. G. (2010). In vitro evaluation of red and green lettuce (Lactuca sativa) for functional food properties. Food Chemistry, 118(2), 300-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.119
Naeem, Z., Zuberi, A., Ali, M., Naeem, A. D., & Naeem, M. (2024). An approach to optimizing dietary protein to growth and body composition in walking catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linneaeus, 1758). Plos One, 19(5), e0301712. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301712
Neumann, G., Bott, S., Ohler, M. A., Mock, H. P., Lippmann, R., Grosch, R., & Smalla, K. (2014). Root exudation and root development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Tizian) as affected by different soils. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 2 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00002
Nuswantoro, S., Sung, T. Y., Kurniawan, M., Wu, T. M., Chen, B., & Hong, M. C. (2023). Effects of phosphate-enriched nutrient in the polyculture of Nile tilapia and freshwater prawn in an aquaponic system. Fishes, 8(2), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020081
Ojha, A., & Chakrabarty, A. (2018). Brackish water aquaculture development and its impacts on agriculture land: A case study on coastal blocks of Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal, India using multi-temporal satellite data and GIS techniques. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13(11), 10115-10123. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Brackish-Water-Aquaculture-Development-and-its-on-%3A-Ojha-Chakrabarty/2ea35606a6ce7d536052d64532cf2079a078b7e6
Okomoda, V. T., Tiamiyu, L. O., & Akpan, I. S. (2017). Nutritional evaluation of toasted Mucuna utilis seed meal and its utilization in the diet of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 29(2), 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2017.1278733
Okomoda, V. T., Tiamiyu, L. O., & Iortim, M. (2016). The effect of water renewal on growth of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Croatian Journal of Fisheries, 74(1), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1515/cjf-2016-0005
Oladimeji, S. A., Okomoda, V. T., Olufeagba, S. O., Solomon, S. G., Abol‐Munafi, A. B., Alabi, K. I., ... & Hassan, A. (2020). Aquaponics production of catfish and pumpkin: Comparison with conventional production systems. Food Science & Nutrition, 8(5), 2307-2315. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1512
Olsen, S. R. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate (No. 939). US https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=d-oaM88x5agC&oi=fnd&pg=PA9&dq=Olsen,+S.+R.,+Cole,+C.+V.,+Watanabe,+F.+S.,+%26+Dean,+L.+A.+(1954).+Estimation+of+available+phosphorus+in+soils+by+extraction+with+sodium+bicarbonate+(USDA+Circular+No.+939).+U.S.+Government+Printing+Office.&ots=z_2g-CdU0D&sig=xLc501xiX1A7TzRLNVDty__5aTI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Pamula, O. Y. T. (2019). Optimization on survival and growth rate of African catfish (Clarias sp.) using water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)-based aquaponics system. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 12(2), 716-723. https://bioflux.com.ro/docs/2019.716-723.pdf
Pantanella, E., Cardarelli, M., Colla, G., Rea, E., & Marcucci, A. (2012). Aquaponics vs. hydroponics: Production and quality of lettuce crop. Acta Horticulturae, 927, 887–893. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.927.109
Rahman, S. M., Sarker, J., Ferdoushe, Z., Hasan, M. M., AlSaqufi, A. S., & Rahman, M. M. (2021). Integrated Production of Asian Catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis Bloch) and Money Plant (Epipremnum aureum Linden _ André): A Promising Aquaponics System. Basic and Applied Sciences - Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, 22(1), 18–22. https://eurekamag.com/research/097/091/097091313.php?srsltid=AYCX9vINBF48uHZ6gWhkAGJ19W7SnF0-90xPHiG1vTQ5nZOO9ZAyTcd0
Rai, R. K., Singh, V. P., & Upadhyay, A. (2017). Planning and evaluation of irrigation projects: methods and implementation. Academic press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811748-4.00017-0
Rakocy, J. (2007). Ten guidelines for aquaponic systems. Aquaponics Guidelines, 46, 14-17. http://aquaponicsjournal.com/docs/articles/Ten-Guidelines-for-Aquaponics.pdf
Rakocy, J. E., Bailey, D. S., Shultz, R. C., & Thoman, E. S. (2004). Update on tilapia and vegetable production in the UVI aquaponic system. In New dimensions on farmed Tilapia: Proceedings of the sixth international symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, held September (pp. 12-16). https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20133313916
Eigenbrod, C., & Gruda, N. (2015). Urban vegetable for food security in cities. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35, 483–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0273-y
Ridha, M. T., & Cruz, E. M. (2001). Effect of biofilter media on water quality and biological performance of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. reared in a simple recirculating system. Aquacultural Engineering, 24(2), 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8609(01)00060-7
Rocha, A. F. D., Portella Cardoso, A., Favreto, R., & Rotta, M. A. (2025). Lettuce production in a DWC aquaponic system with and without bioflocs compared to a hydroponic system in southern Brazil. All Life, 18(1), 2410927. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895293.2024.2410927
Sabwa, J. A., Manyala, J. O., Masese, F. O., Fitzsimmons, K., Achieng, A. O., & Munguti, J. M. (2022). Effects of stocking density on the performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in small‐scale lettuce‐Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) aquaponic system. Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries, 2(6), 458-469. https://doi.org/10.1002/aff2.71
Safaei, M., Panahandeh, J., Tabatabaei, S. J., & Motallebi Azar, A. R. (2015). Effects of different nutrients solutions on nutrients concentration and some qualitative traits of lettuce in hydroponics system. Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions, 6(2), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.ejgcst.6.2.1
Sahoo, D. K., Acharya, A. P., Sharma, R., Jahageerdar, S., & Krishna, G. (2018). Comparison of growth performance of Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) collected from three different major rivers of India. Journal of Experimental Zoology India, 21(2), 939-947. https://connectjournals.com/file_full_text/2854102H_939-947.pdf
Schwyter, A. R., & Vaughan, K. L. (2020). Introduction to soil science laboratory manual. University of Wyoming Libraries Mountain Scholar, UW Open Education Resources (OER), 9. https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Soil_Science/Introduction_to_Soil_Science_Laboratory_Manual_(Schwyter_and_Vaughan)
Shafahi, M., & Woolston, D. (2014). Aquaponics: A sustainable food production system. In ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (Vol. 46469, p. V003T03A073). American Society of Mechanical Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2014-39441
Singh, A. K., Sanakaran, M., & Murthy, B. N. S. (2021). Horticulture for food, nutritional and socio-economic security in India. Indian Horticulture, 66(5),3-9 https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IndHort/article/view/119856
Singh, H., & Dunn, B. (2016). Electrical conductivity and pH guide for hydroponics (HLA-6722). Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University. https://openresearch.okstate.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/9e07e439-0b89-4ec3-9436-2e68be30407f/content
Somerville, C., Cohen, M., Pantanella, E., Stankus, A., & Lovatelli, A. (2014). Small-scale aquaponic food production–integrated fish and plant farming. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, Rome, Italy. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/e4d11efd-d97a-4959-8ae2-8b7d3fd32c5e
Sonneveld, C., & Voogt, W. (2009). Plant nutrition of greenhouse crops. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2532-6
Spehia, R. S., Devi, M., Singh, J., Sharma, S., Negi, A., Singh, S., ... & Sharma, J. C. (2018). Lettuce growth and yield in hoagland solution with an organic concoction. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 24(6), 557-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2018.1452815
Subbiah, B. V., & Asija, G. L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the estimation of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science, 25, 259–260. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19571900070
Suhl, J., Dannehl, D., Kloas, W., Baganz, D., Jobs, S., Scheibe, G., & Schmidt, U. (2016). Advanced aquaponics: Evaluation of intensive tomato production in aquaponics vs. conventional hydroponics. Agricultural Water Management, 178, 335-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.10.013
Suprapto, N. S., & Samtafsir, L. S. (2013). Biofloc165 Rahasia Sukses Teknologi Budidaya Lele. AGRO-165. Depok.
Tadesse, Z. (2019). Effect of different levels of protein diets on growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) fingerlings in tanks. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences, 18, 109-122. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejbs/article/view/205469
Texier, W. (2020). Hydroponics for everybody: All about home horticulture (English ed.). Mama Éditions. https://www.mamaeditions.com/produit/105/9782845942677/hydroponics-for-everybody-english-edition
Timmons, M. B., Ebeling, J. M., Wheaton, F. W., Summerfelt, S. T., & Vinci, B. J. (2002). Recirculating aquaculture systems (2nd ed., Vol. 01-002). NRAC Publication. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZAoXAQAAIAAJ
Verdegem, M. C. (2013). Nutrient discharge from aquaculture operations in function of system design and production environment. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5(3), 158-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12011
Watten, B. J., & Busch, R. L. (1984). Tropical production of tilapia (Sarotherodon aurea) and tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) in a small-scale recirculation water system. Aquaculture, 41(3), 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486%2884%2990290-4
Wiyoto, W., Siskandar, R., Dewi, R. K., Lesmanawati, W., Mulya, M. A., & Ekasari, J. (2023). Effect of stocking density on growth performance of African catfish Clarias gariepinus and water spinach Ipomoea aquatica in aquaponics systems with the addition of AB mix nutrients. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 22(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.19027/jai.22.1.47-54
Wongkiew, S., Hu, Z., Chandran, K., Lee, J. W., & Khanal, S. K. (2017). Nitrogen transformations in aquaponic systems: A review. Aquacultural Engineering, 76, 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2017.01.004
Yeşiltaş, M., Turan Koçer, M. A., Sevgili, H., & Koru, E. (2021). Effect of different inorganic substrates on growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology, 9(4), 714–722. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i4.714-722.4024
Yildiz, H. Y., Robaina, L., Pirhonen, J., Mente, E., Domínguez, D., & Parisi, G. (2017). Fish welfare in aquaponic systems: Its relation to water quality with an emphasis on feed and faeces - A review. Water, 9(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9010013
Zarantoniello, M., Randazzo, B., Nozzi, V., Truzzi, C., Giorgini, E., Cardinaletti, G., ... & Olivotto, I. (2021). Physiological responses of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) juveniles fed on full-fat insect-based diet in an aquaponic system. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1057. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80379-x
Abu‐Rayyan, A., Kharawish, B. H., & Al‐Ismail, K. (2004). Nitrate content in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) heads in relation to plant spacing, nitrogen form and irrigation level. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 84(9), 931-936. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1733
Ajani, E. K., Akinwole, A. O., & Ayodele, I. A. (2011). Fundamentals of fish farming in Nigeria. Walecrown Ventures, Ibadan, Nigeria, 89-105. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/10785218
Ahmad, M. H., Khan, M., Zeb, M. H. A., Rahim, S., Kashif, M., Islam, S., & Jan, S. S. (2025). Soil sampling and determination of soil physical and hydraulic properties of different soils. Kashf Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(10). https://doi.org/10.71146/kjmr663
Al-Dubakel, A. Y., Jabir, A. A., & Al-Hamadany, Q. H. (2011). Growth performance and implication of a thermal-unit growth coefficient of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix larvae reared in recirculation system. Journal of King Abdulaziz University, 22(2), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.4197/Mar.22-2.3
AllThatGrows. (n.d.). How to grow lettuce in India: Complete container growing guide. https://www.allthatgrows.in/blogs/posts/grow-lettuce-from-seeds-india
American Public Health Association (1926). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (Vol. 6). American Public Health Association.
Anantharaja, K., Mohapatra, B. C., Pillai, B. R., Kumar, R., Devaraj, C., & Majhi, D. (2017). Growth and survival of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus in Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Aquaponics System. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5(4), 24-29.
Ani, J. S., Manyala, J. O., Masese, F. O., & Fitzsimmons, K. (2022). Effect of stocking density on growth performance of monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the aquaponic system integrated with lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Aquaculture and Fisheries, 7(3), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2021.03.002
Azam, F., & Ifzal, M. (2006). Microbial populations immobilizing NH4+-N and NO3−-N differ in their sensitivity to sodium chloride salinity in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38(8), 2491-2494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.01.028
Bambhaniya, I. J., Kamleshbhai, B. P., & Bajaniya, V. C. (2023). Unlocking sustainable agriculture: Aquaponics system. Dimension in Agricultural Sciences: A Way Forward for Sustainability. JEC Publication, 45-56.
Bernstein, S. (2013). Aquaponic gardening: a step-by-step guide to raising vegetables and fish together. Saraband.
Bhanja, A., Payra, P., & Mandal, B. (2024). Aquaponics Advancements: A Comprehensive Exploration of Sustainable Aqua-Agriculture Practices in the Indian Context. Current Agriculture Research Journal, 12(3), 1062-1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.12.3.03
Bhanja, S.N., Mukherjee, A., Rodell, M. (2018). Groundwater Storage Variations in India. In: Mukherjee, A. (eds) Groundwater of South Asia. Springer Hydrogeology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3889-1_4
Bilskie, J. (2001). Soil water status: Content and potential (Application Note 2S-1). Campbell Scientific, Inc. https://s.campbellsci.com/documents/cn/technical-papers/soilh20c.pdf
Bisai, D., Chatterjee, S., & Tamili, D. K., (2016). Analysis of Physical Properties of Soil Samples in Traditional Agricultural area in Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 3(4), 36-41. https://ijiset.com/vol3/v3s4/IJISET_V3_I4_05.pdf
Biswas, A., & Das, H. (2014). Characteristics of surface soil around Digha coastal region of West Bengal. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(7, Ver. III), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-19732530
Boyd, C. E. (1982). Water Quality Management of Pond Fish Culture Elsevier Science Publishing Company Inc. New Cork. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19821428342
Britto, D. T., & Kronzucker, H. J. (2002). NH4+ toxicity in higher plants: A critical review. Journal of Plant Physiology, 159(6), 567-584. https://doi.org/10.1078/0176-1617-0774
Delaide, B., Goddek, S., Gott, J., Soyeurt, H., & Jijakli, M. H. (2016). Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Sucrine) growth performance in complemented aquaponic solution outperforms hydroponics. Water, 8(10), 467. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8100467
Eck, M., Körner, O., Jijakli, M.H. (2019). Nutrient Cycling in Aquaponics Systems. In: Goddek, S., Joyce, A., Kotzen, B., Burnell, G.M. (eds) Aquaponics Food Production Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_9
Effendi, H., Utomo, B. A., Darmawangsa, G. M., & Hanafiah, D. A. (2015). Wastewater treatment of freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) culture with lettuce (Lactuca sativa). International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, 10(1), 409-420.
Effendi, H., Wahyuningsih, S., & Wardiatno, Y. (2017). The use of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivation wastewater for the production of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) in water recirculation system. Applied Water Science, 7(6), 3055-3063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0418-z
Faturoti, E. O. (1989). Effects of supplementary feeding and organic manuring on the production of African catfish: Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). West African Fish, 187-195.
FeroseKhan, S., Sahoo, S. N., Giri, S. S., & Sahoo, S. K. (2021). Scenario of captive production of Clarias magur in India. Aquaculture Asia, 25(1), 10-13. https://enaca.org/?id=1138
Food and Agriculture Organization (2023). Standard operating procedure for soil moisture content by gravimetric method. Rome, Italy. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/477e7fab-affc-4d3b-b0d0-51d525121b44
Goddek, S., & Vermeulen, T. (2018). Comparison of Lactuca sativa growth performance in conventional and RAS-based hydroponic systems. Aquaculture International, 26(6), 1377-1386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-018-0293-8
Goddek, S., Delaide, B., Mankasingh, U., Ragnarsdottir, K. V., Jijakli, H., & Thorarinsdottir, R. (2015). Challenges of sustainable and commercial aquaponics. Sustainability, 7(4), 4199–4224. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7044199
Hashmi, Z., Metal, F., Amin, M., Bakar, M. S. A., Wibisono, Y., Nugroho, W. A., & Bila, M. R. (2025). Recirculating aquaculture systems: Advances, impacts, and integrated pathways for sustainable growth. Bioresource Technology Reports, 32, 102340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102340
Haymer, D. S., & Khedkar, G. D. (2022). Biology of selected Clarias catfish species used in aquaculture. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture–Bamidgeh, 74. https://doi.org/10.46989/001c.37958
Hong, J., Xu, F., Chen, G., Huang, X., Wang, S., Du, L., & Ding, G. (2022). Evaluation of the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium applications on the growth, yield, and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Agronomy, 12(10), 2477. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102477
Hoque, M. M., Ajwa, H., Othman, M., Smith, R., & Cahn, M. (2010). Yield and postharvest quality of lettuce in response to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers. HortScience, 45(10), 1539-1544. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.45.10.1539
Jackson, M. L., Miller, R. H., & Forkiln, R. E. (1973). Soil chemical analysis Prentic-Hall of India Pvt. & Ltd. New Delhi: 2nd Indian Rep, 128. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135603
Jhingran, V. G. (1982). Fish and fisheries of India. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122621/records/647761c15eb437ddff7823a6
Khater, E. S., Bahnasawy, A., Ali, S., Abbas, W., Morsy, O., & Sabahy, A. (2023). Study on the plant and fish production in the aquaponic system as affected by different hydraulic loading rates. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 17505. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44707-1
Kifufu, J., Kalala, G., Mafwila, P., & Kiatoko, H. (2024). Growth performance of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in aquaponics and determination of the optimal stocking density of Nile Tilapia maximizing its productivity. Journal of Sustainable Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 3(5), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.21608/jsaes.2025.339670.1115
Knaus, U., Wenzel, L. C., Appelbaum, S., & Palm, H. W. (2020). Aquaponics (sl) Production of spearmint (Mentha spicata) with African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Northern Germany. Sustainability, 12(20), 8717. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208717
Knepp, G. L., & Arkin, G. F. (1973). Ammonia toxicity levels and nitrate tolerance of channel catfish. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 35(4), 221-224. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1973)35[221:ATLANT]2.0.CO;2
Kordi, M. G. H. (2009). Budi daya perairan (Vol. 2). PT Citra Aditya Bakti. https://citraaditya.com/product/budi-daya-perairan-buku-kedua_m-ghufran-h-kordi-k/
Kreutz, G. F., Sandoya, G. V., England, G. K., & Mussoline, W. (2021). Exploring the potential of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as an early crop in Florida’s sandy soils. HortScience, 56(1), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15420-20
Kumar, R., Kaushal, S., & Shukla, Y. R. (2010). Variability, correlation, and path analysis studies in lettuce. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 16(4), 299-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2010.481660
Lambin, E. F. (2012). Global land availability: Malthus versus Ricardo. Global Food Security, 1(2), 83-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2012.11.002
Lambin, E. F., & Meyfroidt, P. (2011). Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(9), 3465-3472. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100480108
Lehman, R. M., Cambardella, C. A., Stott, D. E., Acosta-Martinez, V., Manter, D. K., Buyer, J. S., ... & Karlen, D. L. (2015). Understanding and enhancing soil biological health: The solution for reversing soil degradation. Sustainability, 7(1), 988-1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7010988
Lennard, W. A., & Leonard, B. V. (2006). A comparison of three different hydroponic sub-systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an aquaponic test system. Aquaculture International, 14(6), 539-550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-006-9053-2
Love, D. C., Fry, J. P., Li, X., Hill, E. S., Genello, L., Semmens, K., & Thompson, R. E. (2015). Commercial aquaponics production and profitability: Findings from an international survey. Aquaculture, 435, 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.09.023
Lucas, J. S., Southgate, P. C., & Tucker, C. S. (Eds.). (2019). Aquaculture: Farming aquatic animals and plants. John Wiley & Sons. https://www.wiley.com/en-au/shop/general-aquaculture-fisheries-fish-science/aquaculture-farming-aquatic-animals-and-plants-3rd-edition-p-9781119230823
Majid, M., Khan, J. N., Shah, Q. M. A., Masoodi, K. Z., Afroza, B., & Parvaze, S. (2021). Evaluation of hydroponic systems for the cultivation of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., var. Longifolia) and comparison with protected soil-based cultivation. Agricultural Water Management, 245, 106572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106572
Mandal, S., Bhanja, A., Das, M., Payra, P., Mandal, G., Bera, P., & Mandal, B. (2023). Review on Aquaponics Exordium: A Key Towards Sustainable Resource Management. In Biological Forum-An International Journal, 15(2), 561-573. https://www.researchtrend.net/bfij/pdf/Review%20on%20Aquaponics%20Exordium%20A%20Key%20Towards%20Sustainable%20Resource%20Management-Basudev%20Mandal-89.pdf
Maranga, B. O., Kagali, R. N., Omolo, K. M., & Sagwe, P. O. (2023). Effect of growth substrates on water quality, catfish (Clarias gariepinus) culture and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) propagation under aquaponic system. Development, 34, 82. https://www.lrrd.org/lrrd34/9/3482mara.html
Maranga, B., Kagali, R., Mbogo, K., Orina, P., Munguti, J., & Ogello, E. (2022). Growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed on diets containing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae under aquaponic system. Aquaculture Studies, 23(5). https://doi.org/10.4194/AQUAST910
Maucieri, C., Forchino, A. A., Nicoletto, C., Junge, R., Pastres, R., Sambo, P., & Borin, M. (2018). Life cycle assessment of a micro aquaponic system for educational purposes built using recovered material. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 3119-3127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.097
Maxwell, J., Pattadar, S. N., Smith, M., Bergefurd, B., Krisnakumar, N., Slater, B., & Islam, K. R. (2023). Aquaponic system impacts on lettuce yield and quality. World Aquaculture Society. https://www.was.org/MeetingAbstracts/ShowAbstract/156518
Mchunu, N., Lagerwall, G., & Senzanje, A. (2017). Food sovereignty for food security, aquaponics system as a potential method: a review. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 8(7), 1000497. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000497
McMurtry, M. R., Nelson, P. V., Sanders, D. C., & Hodges, L. (1990). Sand culture of vegetables using recirculated aquacultural effluents. Applied Agricultural Research, 5(4), 280-284. https://iavs.info/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Sand-Culture-of-Vegetables-Using-Recirculated-Aquacultural-Effluents-1990.pdf
McMurtry, M. R., Sanders, D. C., Cure, J. D., & Hodson, R. G. (1997). Effects of biofilter/culture tank volume ratios on productivity of a recirculating fish/vegetable co-culture system. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 7(4), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1300/J028v07n04_03
Metson, A. J. (1956). Methods of chemical analysis for soil survey samples. Agronomy Journal, New Zealand, 208 pp. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1957.00021962004900040024x
Mizanur, R. M., & Bai, S. C. (2014). The optimum feeding frequency in growing Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) rearing at the temperature of 15 C and 19 C. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(9), 1319-1327. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2014.14193
Mulabagal, V., Ngouajio, M., Nair, A., Zhang, Y., Gottumukkala, A. L., & Nair, M. G. (2010). In vitro evaluation of red and green lettuce (Lactuca sativa) for functional food properties. Food Chemistry, 118(2), 300-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.119
Naeem, Z., Zuberi, A., Ali, M., Naeem, A. D., & Naeem, M. (2024). An approach to optimizing dietary protein to growth and body composition in walking catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linneaeus, 1758). Plos One, 19(5), e0301712. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301712
Neumann, G., Bott, S., Ohler, M. A., Mock, H. P., Lippmann, R., Grosch, R., & Smalla, K. (2014). Root exudation and root development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Tizian) as affected by different soils. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 2 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00002
Nuswantoro, S., Sung, T. Y., Kurniawan, M., Wu, T. M., Chen, B., & Hong, M. C. (2023). Effects of phosphate-enriched nutrient in the polyculture of Nile tilapia and freshwater prawn in an aquaponic system. Fishes, 8(2), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020081
Ojha, A., & Chakrabarty, A. (2018). Brackish water aquaculture development and its impacts on agriculture land: A case study on coastal blocks of Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal, India using multi-temporal satellite data and GIS techniques. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13(11), 10115-10123. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Brackish-Water-Aquaculture-Development-and-its-on-%3A-Ojha-Chakrabarty/2ea35606a6ce7d536052d64532cf2079a078b7e6
Okomoda, V. T., Tiamiyu, L. O., & Akpan, I. S. (2017). Nutritional evaluation of toasted Mucuna utilis seed meal and its utilization in the diet of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 29(2), 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2017.1278733
Okomoda, V. T., Tiamiyu, L. O., & Iortim, M. (2016). The effect of water renewal on growth of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Croatian Journal of Fisheries, 74(1), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1515/cjf-2016-0005
Oladimeji, S. A., Okomoda, V. T., Olufeagba, S. O., Solomon, S. G., Abol‐Munafi, A. B., Alabi, K. I., ... & Hassan, A. (2020). Aquaponics production of catfish and pumpkin: Comparison with conventional production systems. Food Science & Nutrition, 8(5), 2307-2315. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1512
Olsen, S. R. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate (No. 939). US https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=d-oaM88x5agC&oi=fnd&pg=PA9&dq=Olsen,+S.+R.,+Cole,+C.+V.,+Watanabe,+F.+S.,+%26+Dean,+L.+A.+(1954).+Estimation+of+available+phosphorus+in+soils+by+extraction+with+sodium+bicarbonate+(USDA+Circular+No.+939).+U.S.+Government+Printing+Office.&ots=z_2g-CdU0D&sig=xLc501xiX1A7TzRLNVDty__5aTI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Pamula, O. Y. T. (2019). Optimization on survival and growth rate of African catfish (Clarias sp.) using water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)-based aquaponics system. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 12(2), 716-723. https://bioflux.com.ro/docs/2019.716-723.pdf
Pantanella, E., Cardarelli, M., Colla, G., Rea, E., & Marcucci, A. (2012). Aquaponics vs. hydroponics: Production and quality of lettuce crop. Acta Horticulturae, 927, 887–893. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.927.109
Rahman, S. M., Sarker, J., Ferdoushe, Z., Hasan, M. M., AlSaqufi, A. S., & Rahman, M. M. (2021). Integrated Production of Asian Catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis Bloch) and Money Plant (Epipremnum aureum Linden _ André): A Promising Aquaponics System. Basic and Applied Sciences - Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, 22(1), 18–22. https://eurekamag.com/research/097/091/097091313.php?srsltid=AYCX9vINBF48uHZ6gWhkAGJ19W7SnF0-90xPHiG1vTQ5nZOO9ZAyTcd0
Rai, R. K., Singh, V. P., & Upadhyay, A. (2017). Planning and evaluation of irrigation projects: methods and implementation. Academic press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811748-4.00017-0
Rakocy, J. (2007). Ten guidelines for aquaponic systems. Aquaponics Guidelines, 46, 14-17. http://aquaponicsjournal.com/docs/articles/Ten-Guidelines-for-Aquaponics.pdf
Rakocy, J. E., Bailey, D. S., Shultz, R. C., & Thoman, E. S. (2004). Update on tilapia and vegetable production in the UVI aquaponic system. In New dimensions on farmed Tilapia: Proceedings of the sixth international symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, held September (pp. 12-16). https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20133313916
Eigenbrod, C., & Gruda, N. (2015). Urban vegetable for food security in cities. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35, 483–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0273-y
Ridha, M. T., & Cruz, E. M. (2001). Effect of biofilter media on water quality and biological performance of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. reared in a simple recirculating system. Aquacultural Engineering, 24(2), 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8609(01)00060-7
Rocha, A. F. D., Portella Cardoso, A., Favreto, R., & Rotta, M. A. (2025). Lettuce production in a DWC aquaponic system with and without bioflocs compared to a hydroponic system in southern Brazil. All Life, 18(1), 2410927. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895293.2024.2410927
Sabwa, J. A., Manyala, J. O., Masese, F. O., Fitzsimmons, K., Achieng, A. O., & Munguti, J. M. (2022). Effects of stocking density on the performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in small‐scale lettuce‐Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) aquaponic system. Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries, 2(6), 458-469. https://doi.org/10.1002/aff2.71
Safaei, M., Panahandeh, J., Tabatabaei, S. J., & Motallebi Azar, A. R. (2015). Effects of different nutrients solutions on nutrients concentration and some qualitative traits of lettuce in hydroponics system. Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions, 6(2), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.ejgcst.6.2.1
Sahoo, D. K., Acharya, A. P., Sharma, R., Jahageerdar, S., & Krishna, G. (2018). Comparison of growth performance of Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) collected from three different major rivers of India. Journal of Experimental Zoology India, 21(2), 939-947. https://connectjournals.com/file_full_text/2854102H_939-947.pdf
Schwyter, A. R., & Vaughan, K. L. (2020). Introduction to soil science laboratory manual. University of Wyoming Libraries Mountain Scholar, UW Open Education Resources (OER), 9. https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Soil_Science/Introduction_to_Soil_Science_Laboratory_Manual_(Schwyter_and_Vaughan)
Shafahi, M., & Woolston, D. (2014). Aquaponics: A sustainable food production system. In ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (Vol. 46469, p. V003T03A073). American Society of Mechanical Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2014-39441
Singh, A. K., Sanakaran, M., & Murthy, B. N. S. (2021). Horticulture for food, nutritional and socio-economic security in India. Indian Horticulture, 66(5),3-9 https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IndHort/article/view/119856
Singh, H., & Dunn, B. (2016). Electrical conductivity and pH guide for hydroponics (HLA-6722). Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University. https://openresearch.okstate.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/9e07e439-0b89-4ec3-9436-2e68be30407f/content
Somerville, C., Cohen, M., Pantanella, E., Stankus, A., & Lovatelli, A. (2014). Small-scale aquaponic food production–integrated fish and plant farming. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, Rome, Italy. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/e4d11efd-d97a-4959-8ae2-8b7d3fd32c5e
Sonneveld, C., & Voogt, W. (2009). Plant nutrition of greenhouse crops. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2532-6
Spehia, R. S., Devi, M., Singh, J., Sharma, S., Negi, A., Singh, S., ... & Sharma, J. C. (2018). Lettuce growth and yield in hoagland solution with an organic concoction. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 24(6), 557-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2018.1452815
Subbiah, B. V., & Asija, G. L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the estimation of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science, 25, 259–260. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19571900070
Suhl, J., Dannehl, D., Kloas, W., Baganz, D., Jobs, S., Scheibe, G., & Schmidt, U. (2016). Advanced aquaponics: Evaluation of intensive tomato production in aquaponics vs. conventional hydroponics. Agricultural Water Management, 178, 335-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.10.013
Suprapto, N. S., & Samtafsir, L. S. (2013). Biofloc165 Rahasia Sukses Teknologi Budidaya Lele. AGRO-165. Depok.
Tadesse, Z. (2019). Effect of different levels of protein diets on growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) fingerlings in tanks. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences, 18, 109-122. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejbs/article/view/205469
Texier, W. (2020). Hydroponics for everybody: All about home horticulture (English ed.). Mama Éditions. https://www.mamaeditions.com/produit/105/9782845942677/hydroponics-for-everybody-english-edition
Timmons, M. B., Ebeling, J. M., Wheaton, F. W., Summerfelt, S. T., & Vinci, B. J. (2002). Recirculating aquaculture systems (2nd ed., Vol. 01-002). NRAC Publication. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZAoXAQAAIAAJ
Verdegem, M. C. (2013). Nutrient discharge from aquaculture operations in function of system design and production environment. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5(3), 158-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12011
Watten, B. J., & Busch, R. L. (1984). Tropical production of tilapia (Sarotherodon aurea) and tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) in a small-scale recirculation water system. Aquaculture, 41(3), 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486%2884%2990290-4
Wiyoto, W., Siskandar, R., Dewi, R. K., Lesmanawati, W., Mulya, M. A., & Ekasari, J. (2023). Effect of stocking density on growth performance of African catfish Clarias gariepinus and water spinach Ipomoea aquatica in aquaponics systems with the addition of AB mix nutrients. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 22(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.19027/jai.22.1.47-54
Wongkiew, S., Hu, Z., Chandran, K., Lee, J. W., & Khanal, S. K. (2017). Nitrogen transformations in aquaponic systems: A review. Aquacultural Engineering, 76, 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2017.01.004
Yeşiltaş, M., Turan Koçer, M. A., Sevgili, H., & Koru, E. (2021). Effect of different inorganic substrates on growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology, 9(4), 714–722. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i4.714-722.4024
Yildiz, H. Y., Robaina, L., Pirhonen, J., Mente, E., Domínguez, D., & Parisi, G. (2017). Fish welfare in aquaponic systems: Its relation to water quality with an emphasis on feed and faeces - A review. Water, 9(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9010013
Zarantoniello, M., Randazzo, B., Nozzi, V., Truzzi, C., Giorgini, E., Cardinaletti, G., ... & Olivotto, I. (2021). Physiological responses of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) juveniles fed on full-fat insect-based diet in an aquaponic system. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1057. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80379-x
Statistics
6 Views | 4 Downloads
How to Cite
Bhanja, A., Mandal, B., Pati, M. and Mandal, S. (2026) “Aquaponics Production of Indian Catfish Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) Integrated with Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.): Comparison with Controlled and Conventional Production Systems”, International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 9(4), pp. 241-262. doi: https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2026.v09i04.016.
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
. 