Effects of Selected Environmental Variable Upon The Distribution of Hover Fly (Insecta: Diptera: Syrphidae) along with an Altitudinal Gradient
Abstract
The relationship between species richness of Syrphidae with large scale environmental variables, altitude and latitudinal gradients has been widely studied in selected study area of the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. The study was done over a period of one year (2015-2016) along the selected four districts of Himachal Pradesh. Altogether 34 species under 16 genera have been collected from the selected study areas along the altitudinal slope.
Keywords:
Syrphidae, Species richness, environmental variables, altitude
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References
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https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072380
Arroyo, M. T. K., Primack R. B., Armesto. J.J., (1982). Community studies in pollination ecology in the high temperate Andes of Central Chile. I. Pollination mechanisms and altitudinal variation. American Journal of Botany, 69 (1), 82-97.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.15372197.1982.tb13237.x
Barry, R. G. (1992). Mountain climatology and past and potential future climatic changes in mountain regions – a review. Mountain Research and Development, 12, 71–86.
Biesmeijer, J.C., Roberts, S.P.M., Reemer, M., Ohlemuller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A.P., Potts, S.G. (2006). Parralel declnes in pollinators and insect pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science, 313: (5785), 351-354.
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Blackburn, T.M.,Gaston, K.J. (1996). Spatial patterns in the body sizes of bird species in the New World. Oikos, 77(3), 436–446. https://doi.org/10.2307/3545933
Brunetti E. (1923). Family Syrphidae. Fauna of British India. 3, 406-415.
Brunetti, E. (1908). Notes on Oriental Syrphidae with descriptions of new species. Part I. Records of the Indian Museum. 2, 49-96
Brunetti, E. (1913). Zoological results of the Arbor Expedition, 1911-12. XI. Diptera. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 149-190
Brunetti, E. (1915). Notes on Oriental Syrphidae, with descriptions of new species. Records of the Indian Museum, 11(2), 201-256.
Brunetti, E. (1917). Diptera of the Simla district. Records of the Indian Museum, 13, 59.
Davies, R.G., Eggleton, P., Jones, D.T., Gathorne-Hardy, F.J., Hernandez, L.M. (2003). Evolution of termite functional diversity: analysis and syn-thesis of local ecological and regional influences on local species richness. Journal of Biogeography, 30(6), 847–877. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.13652699.2003.00883.x
Fabricius, J.C. (1805). Secundum ordines, genera, Species adiectis synonymis,locis observationibus, descriptionibus. Systema antliatorum, 14,472.
Gaston, K. (2000). Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature, 405, 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1038/35012228
Ghahari, H., Hayat, R., Tabari, M., & Ostovan, H. (2008). Hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from rice fields and around grasslands of northern Iran. Munis entomology and zoology, 3(1), 275-284
Hayat, R., & Claußen, C. (1997). A new species and new records of the genus Paragus Latreille, 1804 from Turkey (Diptera: Syrphidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 14(1), 99-108.
Holt, R.D., Lawton, J.H., Polis, G.A., Martinez, N.D. (1999). Trophic rank and the species-area relationship. Ecology, 80, 1495–1504. https://doi.org/10.1890/00129658(1999)080[1495:TRATSA]2.0.CO;2
Ilse, D. (1949). Colour discrimination in the dronefly, Eristalis tenax. Nature, 163(4137), 255.
Kapoor, V. C., Malla, Y. K., & Rajbhandari, Y. (1979). Syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Kathmandu valley, Nepal with a check list of Syrphidae of Nepal. Journal of Natural History Museum, 3, 51-68.
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https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13652311.2008.01032.x.
Laska, P., Perez-Banon, C., Mazanek, L., Rojo, S., Stahls, G., Marcos-Garcia, M. A., & Dusek, J. (2006). Taxonomy of the genera Scaeva, Simosyrphus and Ischiodon (Diptera: Syrphidae): Descriptions of immature stages and status of taxa. European journal of Entomology, 103(3), 637.
Macquart, P. J. M. (1842). Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Tome deuxieme.-2e partie. Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Agric. Arts. Lille, 1841(1), 65-200.
Mishra, R. C., & Kumar, J. (1993). Status of research in pollination biology in Himachal Pradesh. Proc. Int. Symp. Polln. Trop,279-295.
Novotny, V., Basset, Y., Miller, S.E., Weiblen, G.D., Bremer, B., Cizek, L., Drozd, P. (2002). Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest. Nature, 416 (6883), 841–844. https://doi.org/:10.1038/416841a
Pape, T., Evenhuis, N.L. (editors). [2018 June 2,]. Eristalis tenax retrieved from http://diptera.org/NomenclatorDetail.php?Recn=578683
Schweiger, O., Musche, M., Bailey, D., Billeter, R., Diekotter, T., Hendrickx, F., Herzog, F.,Liira,J., Maelfait,J.P., Speelmans, M., Frank Dziock, F. (2007). Functional richness of local hoverfly com- munities (Diptera, Syrphidae) in response to land use across temperate Europe. Oikos, 116 (3), 461–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15372.x
Sommaggio, D. (1999). Syrphidae: can they be used as environmental bioindicators? Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 74 (1-3), 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00042-0
Stevens, R.D., Cox, S.B., Strauss, R.E., Willig, M.R. (2003). Patterns of functional diversity across an extensive environmental gradient: vertebrate consumers, hidden treatments and latitudinal trends. Ecology Letters, 6(12), 1099–1108. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.14610248.2003.00541.x
Walker, F. (1852). Diptera. Part III, characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William Wilson Sauders Insecta Saundersiana, 1,157-252.
Wallisdevries, M. F., Swaay, V.C. (2006). Global warming and excess nitrogen may induce butterfly decline by microclimatic cooling. Global Change Biology, 12(9), 1620–1626. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13652486.2006.01202.x
Williams, S.E., Hero, J.M. (2001). Multiple determinants of Australian tropical frog biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 98 (1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00093-2
Willig, M.R., Kaufman, D.M., Stevens R.D. (2003).Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: Pattern, process, scale, and synthesis. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics. 34,273-309. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.012103.144032
Allen, A. P., Brown, J. H., Gillooly, J. F. (2002). Global biodiversity, biochemical kinetics, and the energetic-equivalence rule. Science, 297 (5586), 1545–1548.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072380
Arroyo, M. T. K., Primack R. B., Armesto. J.J., (1982). Community studies in pollination ecology in the high temperate Andes of Central Chile. I. Pollination mechanisms and altitudinal variation. American Journal of Botany, 69 (1), 82-97.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.15372197.1982.tb13237.x
Barry, R. G. (1992). Mountain climatology and past and potential future climatic changes in mountain regions – a review. Mountain Research and Development, 12, 71–86.
Biesmeijer, J.C., Roberts, S.P.M., Reemer, M., Ohlemuller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A.P., Potts, S.G. (2006). Parralel declnes in pollinators and insect pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science, 313: (5785), 351-354.
Bigot, J. M. F. (1884). Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. 24 partie, XXXII: Syrphidi (2 partie). Especes nouvelles, no. III. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ser. 6 (4), 73-80
Blackburn, T.M.,Gaston, K.J. (1996). Spatial patterns in the body sizes of bird species in the New World. Oikos, 77(3), 436–446. https://doi.org/10.2307/3545933
Brunetti E. (1923). Family Syrphidae. Fauna of British India. 3, 406-415.
Brunetti, E. (1908). Notes on Oriental Syrphidae with descriptions of new species. Part I. Records of the Indian Museum. 2, 49-96
Brunetti, E. (1913). Zoological results of the Arbor Expedition, 1911-12. XI. Diptera. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 149-190
Brunetti, E. (1915). Notes on Oriental Syrphidae, with descriptions of new species. Records of the Indian Museum, 11(2), 201-256.
Brunetti, E. (1917). Diptera of the Simla district. Records of the Indian Museum, 13, 59.
Davies, R.G., Eggleton, P., Jones, D.T., Gathorne-Hardy, F.J., Hernandez, L.M. (2003). Evolution of termite functional diversity: analysis and syn-thesis of local ecological and regional influences on local species richness. Journal of Biogeography, 30(6), 847–877. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.13652699.2003.00883.x
Fabricius, J.C. (1805). Secundum ordines, genera, Species adiectis synonymis,locis observationibus, descriptionibus. Systema antliatorum, 14,472.
Gaston, K. (2000). Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature, 405, 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1038/35012228
Ghahari, H., Hayat, R., Tabari, M., & Ostovan, H. (2008). Hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from rice fields and around grasslands of northern Iran. Munis entomology and zoology, 3(1), 275-284
Hayat, R., & Claußen, C. (1997). A new species and new records of the genus Paragus Latreille, 1804 from Turkey (Diptera: Syrphidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 14(1), 99-108.
Holt, R.D., Lawton, J.H., Polis, G.A., Martinez, N.D. (1999). Trophic rank and the species-area relationship. Ecology, 80, 1495–1504. https://doi.org/10.1890/00129658(1999)080[1495:TRATSA]2.0.CO;2
Ilse, D. (1949). Colour discrimination in the dronefly, Eristalis tenax. Nature, 163(4137), 255.
Kapoor, V. C., Malla, Y. K., & Rajbhandari, Y. (1979). Syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Kathmandu valley, Nepal with a check list of Syrphidae of Nepal. Journal of Natural History Museum, 3, 51-68.
Keil, P., Dziock F., Storch, D. (2008). Geographical patterns of hoverfly (Diptera, Syrphidae) functional groups in Europe: inconsistency in environmental correlates and latitudinal trends. Ecological Entomology, 33 (6), 748-757.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13652311.2008.01032.x.
Laska, P., Perez-Banon, C., Mazanek, L., Rojo, S., Stahls, G., Marcos-Garcia, M. A., & Dusek, J. (2006). Taxonomy of the genera Scaeva, Simosyrphus and Ischiodon (Diptera: Syrphidae): Descriptions of immature stages and status of taxa. European journal of Entomology, 103(3), 637.
Macquart, P. J. M. (1842). Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Tome deuxieme.-2e partie. Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Agric. Arts. Lille, 1841(1), 65-200.
Mishra, R. C., & Kumar, J. (1993). Status of research in pollination biology in Himachal Pradesh. Proc. Int. Symp. Polln. Trop,279-295.
Novotny, V., Basset, Y., Miller, S.E., Weiblen, G.D., Bremer, B., Cizek, L., Drozd, P. (2002). Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest. Nature, 416 (6883), 841–844. https://doi.org/:10.1038/416841a
Pape, T., Evenhuis, N.L. (editors). [2018 June 2,]. Eristalis tenax retrieved from http://diptera.org/NomenclatorDetail.php?Recn=578683
Schweiger, O., Musche, M., Bailey, D., Billeter, R., Diekotter, T., Hendrickx, F., Herzog, F.,Liira,J., Maelfait,J.P., Speelmans, M., Frank Dziock, F. (2007). Functional richness of local hoverfly com- munities (Diptera, Syrphidae) in response to land use across temperate Europe. Oikos, 116 (3), 461–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15372.x
Sommaggio, D. (1999). Syrphidae: can they be used as environmental bioindicators? Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 74 (1-3), 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00042-0
Stevens, R.D., Cox, S.B., Strauss, R.E., Willig, M.R. (2003). Patterns of functional diversity across an extensive environmental gradient: vertebrate consumers, hidden treatments and latitudinal trends. Ecology Letters, 6(12), 1099–1108. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.14610248.2003.00541.x
Walker, F. (1852). Diptera. Part III, characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William Wilson Sauders Insecta Saundersiana, 1,157-252.
Wallisdevries, M. F., Swaay, V.C. (2006). Global warming and excess nitrogen may induce butterfly decline by microclimatic cooling. Global Change Biology, 12(9), 1620–1626. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13652486.2006.01202.x
Williams, S.E., Hero, J.M. (2001). Multiple determinants of Australian tropical frog biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 98 (1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00093-2
Willig, M.R., Kaufman, D.M., Stevens R.D. (2003).Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: Pattern, process, scale, and synthesis. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics. 34,273-309. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.012103.144032
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Sengupta, J., Naskar, A., Maity, A., & Banerjee, D. (2018). Effects of Selected Environmental Variable Upon The Distribution of Hover Fly (Insecta: Diptera: Syrphidae) along with an Altitudinal Gradient. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 1(3), 1-6. Retrieved from https://www.ijalsr.org/index.php/journal/article/view/22
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