Cytochrome B Variation among the Subspecies of Antigone antigone
Abstract
Antigone antigone (Linnaeus, 1758), commonly known as Sarus Crane is a widely distributed water bird that is found in India, Australia, and Southeastern parts of Asia. It is divided into three extant subspecies, but its number has been on a decline in recent years. In this study, a non-invasive approach was applied for obtaining the genomic DNA from the molted feathers extracted from Sarsai Nawar Wetland, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh. The genetic diversity was evaluated from the 429 bp long mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b as a genetic marker was sequenced and evaluated for its genetic diversity. Hap2, encompassing sequences from India and Australia, emerged as the most prevalent haplotype in the sample. The degree of genetic difference between the subspecies exhibited a FST value of 0.391. The entire sample of Sarus Cranes had a low number of cyt b haplotypes, but the subspecies still had a high degree of genetic diversity. Negative, non-significant values for Tajima’s D (-1.660) indicate neutral evolution of populations of the three subspecies.
Keywords:
Biodiversity, Cytochrome B Diversity, Genetic Conservation, Sarus Crane, Sarsai Nawar Wetland
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References
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Saif, R., Babar, M. E., Awan, A. R., Nadeem, A., Hashmi, A. S., & Hussain, T. (2012). DNA fingerprinting of Pakistani buffalo breeds (Nili-Ravi, Kundi) using microsatellite and cytochrome b gene markers. Molecular Biology Reports, 39. 851-856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-011-0808-0
Sanger, F., Nicklen, S., & Coulson, A. R. (1977). DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 74(12), 5463-5467. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463
Satyanarayana, D. S., Ahlawat, S., Sharma, R., Arora, R., Sharma, A., Tantia, M. S., & Vijh, R. K. (2022). Mitochondrial DNA diversity divulges high levels of haplotype diversity and lack of genetic structure in the Indian camels. Gene 820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2022.146279
Verma, S. K., & Singh, L. (2003). Novel universal primers establish identity of an enormous number of animal species for forensic application. Molecular Ecology Notes, 3(1), 28-31. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00340.x
Wood, T. C., & Krajewski, C. (1996) Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation among the subspecies of Sarus Crane (Grus Antigone). The Auk, 113(3), 655–663. https://doi.org/10.2307/4088986
Bandelt, H., Forster, P., & Rohl, A. (1999). Popart version 1.7: Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036
Canteri, E., Fordham, D. A., Li, S., Hosner, P. A., Rahbek, C., & Nogués-Bravo, D. (2021). IUCN Red List protects avian genetic diversity. Ecography, 44(12), 1808-1811.https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05895
Fatima G., Sana S., Firdous U., Qudratullah, Rehman R.A., Naseem A., Shah S.Z.A.R., & Munir A. (2024) Study of Genetic Variations in Cytochrome B Gene of Grey Partridges from District Mianwali, Pakistan. Remittances Review, 9(S4), 209-222. https://doi.org/10.33282/rr.vx9i2.13
Frankham, R., Ballou, J. D., & Briscoe, D. A. (2002). Introduction to conservation genetics; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808999
Garnett, S. T., & Baker, G. B. (Eds.). (2022). The action plan for Australian birds 2020. Australian Field Ornithology, 39. 45- 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo39045046
Gopi Sundar, K. S. (2019). Species review: Sarus Crane (Grus Antigone). Crane Conservation Strategy. 323–346. Available at: https://savingcranes.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crane_conservation_strategy_sarus_crane.pdf
Gopi Sundar, K. S., & Kittur, S. (2013) ‘Can Wetlands maintained for human use also help conserve biodiversity? landscape-scale patterns of bird use of wetlands in an agricultural landscape in North India’, Biological Conservation, 168, 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.09.016
Gopi Sundar, K. S., Kaur, J., & Choudhury, B. C. (2000). Distribution, demography and conservation status of the Indian Sarus Crane (Grus Antigone Antigone) in India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 97(3), 319-339. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/155333
Hedrick, P. W. (2011). Genetics of populations (Fourth Edition), Jones & Bartlett Learning, UK, 675 pages. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.16.685
Hvilsom, C., Segel Bacher, G., Ekblom, R., Fischer, M. C., Laikre, L., Leus, K., ... & Sork, V. (2022). Selecting species and populations for monitoring of genetic diversity. IUCN Publication. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2022.07.en
Jansumat P., Gale G. A., Sukmak M., Wajjwalku W., Punkong C., Kaolim N., Soda N., Klinsawat W. (2024). Mitogenome-based genetic management of captive Great Hornbill in Thailand: Implications for reintroduction. Global Ecology and Conservation 51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e02932
Jones, K. L., Barzen, J. A. & Ashley, M. V. (2005). Geographical partitioning of microsatellite variation in the sarus crane. Animal Conservation, 8(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943004001842
Kuwayama, R., & Ozawa, T. (2000). Phylogenetic relationships among European red deer, wapiti, and sika deer inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 15(1), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1999.0731
Librado, P., & Rozas, J. (2019). DnaSP version 6.12.03: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. 25(11), Bioinformatics. 1451–1452. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp187
Lowe, A., Harris, S., & Ashton, P. (2004). Ecological genetics: design, analysis, and application. Wiley, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mci073
Nei, M. (1987). Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, 512 Pages, https://doi.org/10.7312/nei-92038
Nevard, T. D., Haase, M., Archibald, G., Leiper, I. & Garnett, S. T. (2020). The sarolga: Conservation implications of genetic and visual evidence for hybridization between the brolga Antigone rubicunda and the Australian sarus crane Antigone Antigone gillae. Oryx, 54(1), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531800073X
Nevard, T. D., Haase, M., Archibald, G., Leiper, I., Van Zalinge, R. N., Purchkoon, N., ... & Garnett, S. T. (2020). Subspecies in the Sarus Crane Antigone antigone revisited; with particular reference to the Australian population. PLoS One 15(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230150
Prusak, B., Grzybowski, G., & Ziêba, G. (2004). Taxonomic position of Bison (Linnaeus 1758) and Bison bonasus (Linnaeus 1758) as determined by means of cytb gene sequence. Animal Science Papers and Reports, 22(1), 27-35. Available at: https://www.igbzpan.pl/uploaded/FSiBundleContentBlockBundleEntityTranslatableBlockTranslatableFilesElement/filePath/167/strona27-36.pdf
Rivera-Arroyo, R. C., Escalante-Pliego, P., Aguilar-Torres, D., & Úbeda-Olivas, M. F. (2022). Phylogeography of the white-crowned parrot (Pionus senilis). Biota Neotropica, 22(04). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2022-1382
Rivera-Ortíz, F. A., Sanabria-Urbán, S., Prieto-Torres, D. A., Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G., Arizmendi, M. D. C., & Oyama, K. (2023). Phylogeography of Ara militaris (Military Macaw): Implications for Conservation. Diversity, 15(10). http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15101035
Saif, R., Babar, M. E., Awan, A. R., Nadeem, A., Hashmi, A. S., & Hussain, T. (2012). DNA fingerprinting of Pakistani buffalo breeds (Nili-Ravi, Kundi) using microsatellite and cytochrome b gene markers. Molecular Biology Reports, 39. 851-856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-011-0808-0
Sanger, F., Nicklen, S., & Coulson, A. R. (1977). DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 74(12), 5463-5467. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463
Satyanarayana, D. S., Ahlawat, S., Sharma, R., Arora, R., Sharma, A., Tantia, M. S., & Vijh, R. K. (2022). Mitochondrial DNA diversity divulges high levels of haplotype diversity and lack of genetic structure in the Indian camels. Gene 820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2022.146279
Verma, S. K., & Singh, L. (2003). Novel universal primers establish identity of an enormous number of animal species for forensic application. Molecular Ecology Notes, 3(1), 28-31. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00340.x
Wood, T. C., & Krajewski, C. (1996) Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation among the subspecies of Sarus Crane (Grus Antigone). The Auk, 113(3), 655–663. https://doi.org/10.2307/4088986
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How to Cite
Dubey, V. and Prakash, S. (2025) “Cytochrome B Variation among the Subspecies of Antigone antigone”, International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 8(1), pp. 131-139. doi: https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2025.v08i01.012.
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Research Articles
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