Vegan Leather Solanum lycopersicum Pigment Dyeing with Ceratonia siliqua over Blended Fabric with Presence of Vanillin
Abstract
Organic and linen blend fabric is among the most popular materials used in saree production and other textile applications, generating substantial market demand. This fabric supports various dyeing techniques, including traditional methods rooted in cultural heritage. Meanwhile, enormous quantities of agro-waste are generated annually in India from the vegetable, fruit, and food processing industries, as reported by national statistics. Among these, waste from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production is particularly high especially in the post-COVID era highlighting its potential for repurposing damaged or rejected fruit portions. Tomato is an affordable and widely cultivated crop in India, valued not only for its nutritional properties as a source of vitamins, fibre, and antioxidants but also as a renewable raw material. The dyeing process employed in the present study required comparatively less water and energy, thus addressing environmental concerns. For colouring, vegan leather samples were dyed using Ceratonia siliqua (carob) pigments, known for their distinctive ability to produce uniform colouration on both natural and synthetic substrates. The tomato-based substrate demonstrated excellent compatibility with natural dyes due to its intrinsic composition. This research established a novel technique for dyeing organic cotton and linen fabrics using pigments derived from tomato waste. The colour strength, evenness, and fastness properties of all dyed samples were evaluated. The results indicated uniform colouration, particularly at a dye concentration of 1% and a processing temperature of 100 °C.
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